Participant characteristics relating to AFO, by region and sex (figures are in percentage of total unless stated)
| Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | Urban | Overall | Rural | Urban | Overall | |
| Total | 118 837 | 91 220 | 210 057 | 167 727 | 134 711 | 302 438 |
| Mean age (years) | 52.6 | 53.1 | 52.9 | 50.5 | 52.6 | 51.5 |
| AFO GOLD stage I–IV | 8.4 | 4.5 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 4.4 |
| AFO GOLD stage II–IV | 7.0 | 3.6 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 3.5 |
| AFO LLN | 9.2 | 4.8 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 4.8 | 6.3 |
| Classification of severity of AFO (values are % predicted)* | ||||||
| Mild (FEV1 ≥80%) | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
| Moderate (50% ≤ FEV1 ≥80%) | 4.2 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 4.2 |
| Severe (50% ≤ FEV1 ≥80%) | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.2 |
| Very severe (FEV1 <80%) | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
| Doctor diagnosed CB/E | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| Doctor diagnosed CB/E and still on treatment | 34.8 | 28.4 | 32.1 | 37.8 | 27.4 | 32.7 |
| Doctor diagnosed CB/E and | ||||||
| AFO GOLD stage I–IV† | 40.5 | 22.8 | 33.1 | 31.5 | 14.3 | 23.0 |
| AFO GOLD stage II–IV† | 39.6 | 21.7 | 32.2 | 30.4 | 12.9 | 21.7 |
| AFO LLN† | 39.5 | 22.0 | 32.3 | 35.6 | 16.7 | 26.3 |
| Under diagnosis | 86.1 | 86.6 | 86.2 | 90.3 | 91.5 | 90.7 |
| Over diagnosis | 60.5 | 78.0 | 67.7 | 64.4 | 83.3 | 73.7 |
| Doctor diagnosed asthma | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Breathlessness‡ | 5.8 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 8.5 | 4.7 | 6.8 |
| Chronic cough§ | 6.8 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 2.4 |
| Chronic cough and sputum¶ | 7.3 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 |
| Chronic cough with sputum and | ||||||
| AFO GOLD stage I–IV** | 17.3 | 9.8 | 14.4 | 17.5 | 8.4 | 14.1 |
| AFO GOLD stage II–IV** | 15.8 | 8.6 | 13.1 | 15.8 | 7.2 | 12.7 |
| AFO LLN** | 18.9 | 10.1 | 15.5 | 20.8 | 10.0 | 16.9 |
p Value for difference between urban and rural <0.0001 except men: doctor-diagnosed CB/E (p=0.0002); underdiagnosis (p=0.3775) women: underdiagnosis (p=0.0032).
*Based on prebronchodilator FEV1 in participants with FEV1/FVC <0.70 according to modified GOLD definition.
†Figures are percentage of different GOLD stages of AFO or LLN based AFO in those with doctor diagnosed CB/E.
‡Becomes short of breath while walking on level ground with healthy people of same age.
§Had cough for at least 3 months in the past 12 months.
¶Cough up sputum in the morning for at least 3 months in the past 12 months.
**Figures are percentage of different GOLD stages of AFO or LLN based AFO in those with chronic cough and sputum.
AFO, air flow obstruction; CB/E, chronic bronchitis/emphysema; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; GOLD, Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; LLN, lower limit of normal.