Characteristics of study participants at Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Y5 examination visit (at a mean age of 30 years), stratified by rapid lung function decline (between CARDIA Y20 and peak determined from the highest value at Y0, Y2, Y5 and Y10 visits)
| Characteristics | Rapid FEV1 decline (n=953) % or mean ± SD | Non-rapid FEV1 decline (n=1889) % or mean ± SD | p Value | Rapid FVC decline (n=935) % or mean ± SD | Non-rapid FVC decline (n=1907) % or mean ± SD | p Value |
| Age (years) | 30.9±3.5 | 29.7±3.6 | <0.001 | 31.2±3.3 | 29.6±3.6 | <0.001 |
| Black race | 45.8% | 46.2% | 0.88 | 49.3% | 56.2% | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 172.5±9.4 | 169.6±9.6 | <0.001 | 172.4±9.5 | 169.7±9.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8±5.6 | 25.3±5.4 | <0.001 | 28.1±5.9 | 24.7±4.9 | <0.001 |
| Change in BMI (kg/m2) | 1.82±2.57 | 1.33±2.48 | <0.001 | 1.26±2.37 | 1.91±2.75 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 44.1% | 60.8% | <0.001 | 43.5% | 60.9% | <0.001 |
| Increased waist circumference (>102 cm in men, >88 cm in women) | 15.4% | 11.2% | 0.002 | 21.2% | 8.4% | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes mellitus | 1.5% | 1.9% | 0.54 | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.36 |
| Systemic hypertension | 10.4% | 6.8% | <0.001 | 12.6% | 5.8% | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never-smoker | 57.1% | 63.6% | <0.001 | 57.75 | 63.3% | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 13.8% | 14.5% | 13.0% | 14.9% | ||
| Current smoker | 29.8% | 21.8% | 29.4% | 21.8% | ||
| Smoking pack-years | 3.6±6.4 | 2.4±5.1 | <0.001 | 3.5±6.2 | 2.5±5.2 | <0.001 |
| High level of self-reported physical activity in the past year† | 33.4% | 34.9% | 0.45 | 33.2% | 35.0% | 0.35 |
| FVC (L) | 4.57±1.06 | 4.27±1.02 | <0.001 | 4.50±1.07 | 4.30±1.02 | <0.001 |
| FEV1 (L) | 3.71±0.84 | 3.49±0.78 | <0.001 | 3.62±0.84 | 3.53±0.78 | 0.007 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio | 0.82±0.08 | 0.82±0.06 | 0.03 | 0.81±0.06 | 0.83±0.07 | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g) at Y10 | 10.67±31.97 | 7.13±30.39 | 0.25 | 11.0±32.2 | 9.0±30.3 | 0.14 |
| Logarithm of urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g) at Y10 | 0.75±0.72 | 0.72±0.7 | 0.04 | 0.76±0.74 | 0.71±0.70 | 0.001 |
All data were obtained at CARDIA Y5 except change in BMI, rapid FEV1 or FVC decline, urinary albumin creatinine ratio and systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medication at or before Y10. Urinary albumin creatinine ratio was measured at Y10, after race and sex correction. Change in BMI was defined between Y0 to Y5. Rapid decline was defined by the highest tertile of decline and compared with the lower two tertiles. Rapid FEV1 decline was defined by ≥52 mL/year. Rapid FVC decline was defined by ≥45.8 mL/year.
†Self-reported physical activity in the past year at Y5 was defined on a five-point Likert scale. High level of activity is defined as more than moderately active (4 and 5 on five-point Likert scale).
BMI, body mass index.