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Respiratory interventional procedures
Original article
A study of patients with isolated mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy undergoing EBUS-TBNA
  1. Matthew Evison1,2,
  2. Philip A J Crosbie1,2,
  3. Julie Morris3,
  4. Julie Martin1,
  5. Philip V Barber1 and
  6. Richard Booton1,2
  1. 1North West Lung Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
  2. 2The Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
  3. 3Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
  1. Correspondence to Dr Matthew Evison; matthew.evison{at}hotmail.co.uk

Abstract

Background Isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy (IMHL) may be caused by benign and malignant disorders or be ‘reactive’. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has a reported low negative predictive value (NPV) in IMHL, necessitating mediastinoscopy in selected patients. The aim of this study was to examine the NPV of EBUS-TBNA in an IMHL population and determine whether clinical variables differentiate between pathological and reactive IMHL.

Methods Analysis of a prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients with IMHL referred to a single UK centre for EBUS-TBNA.

Results 100 patients with IMHL had EBUS-TBNA during the study (March 2010–February 2013), mean age 58.6±15.7 years, 63% men, 70% white British and mean follow-up 16.8±8.6 months. Pathological cause of IMHL established in 52 patients (sarcoidosis n=20, tuberculosis n=18, carcinoma n=7, lymphoma n=6, benign cyst n=1), 43 from EBUS-TBNA. 48/57 negative EBUS-TBNA samples were true negatives reflecting reactive lymphadenopathy in 48%. The diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA was 91% and NPV was 84.2% (95% CI 72.6% to 91.5%). Multivariate analysis of clinical covariates showed age (odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.13; p=0.033), the presence of a relevant comorbidity (OR 9.49, 95% CI 2.20 to 41.04; p=0.003) and maximum lymph node size (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.83; p=0.00004) to differentiate between reactive and pathological IMHL. Stratification of the study population according to comorbidity and maximum lymph node size (<20 mm) identified a low-risk cohort (n=32) where the NPV of EBUS-TBNA was 93.8% (95% CI 79.9% to 98.3%).

Conclusions Reactive lymphadenopathy accounts for a significant proportion of patients with IMHL. In carefully selected patients with IMHL and a negative EBUS-TBNA, surveillance rather than further invasive sampling may be an appropriate strategy.

  • Bronchoscopy
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Lung Cancer

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 3.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000040

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    Key messages

    • The cause of IMHL was reactive lymphadenopathy in 48% of cases in this study. This is a significantly higher proportion than in previous studies of IMHL. We postulate this is due to the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases associated with reactive lymphadenopathy, eg, emphysema and heart failure, and the ever increasing use of computed tomography.

    • The negative predictive value of EBUS-TBNA is also significantly higher in this study (84.2%) compared to previous studies of this specific patient group and is related to the prevalence of reactive lymphadenopathy.

    • In those patients with a co-morbidity known to be associated with IMHL and a largest lymph node size of less than 20mm in short axis, the NPV of EBUS-TBNA was 93.8%.

    Introduction

    Isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy (IMHL) is a relatively common reason for respiratory physician referral in the UK. The differential diagnosis includes benign granulomatous disorders, for example, tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis,1 and malignancy, including lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma. Rarer causes include lymphoproliferative disorders, for example, Castleman's disease,2 primary hypogammaglobulinaemia3 and histoplasmosis.4 Lymph nodes may also enlarge as a reaction to underlying comorbidities, when a designation of ‘reactive’ lymphadenopathy may be made. Reactive lymphadenopathy has been associated with a number of chronic conditions, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis,5 ,6 interstitial lung disease,7 ,8 bronchiectasis,9 pulmonary arterial hypertension,10 heart failure11–16 and connective tissue disease.17 Mediastinal lymph node enlargement has been reported to be present in half of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in one series, irrespective of the degree of airflow obstruction,6 and between 35% and 66% in patients with severe chronic cardiac failure,11–13 ,15 ,16 where lymphadenopathy may be secondary to raised left atrial filling pressures resulting in increased lymphatic fluid.12 ,18–20

    Pathological/microbiological confirmation is recommended in patients with IMHL to ensure appropriate treatment.21 Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has been shown to be highly effective in the diagnosis of granulomatous IMHL and nodal staging in lung cancer.22–26 The sensitivity for lymphoma is lower as larger tissue samples are often required.27 The REMEDY trial,21 the only prospective study of EBUS-TBNA in patients with IMHL requiring pathological confirmation, demonstrated high sensitivity (92%) and cost-effectiveness of EBUS-TBNA as a first-line investigation, preventing mediastinoscopy in 87% of patients. However, of 10 patients (10/77, 13%) with a negative EBUS-TBNA, 6 were false negatives, giving a negative predictive value (NPV) of 40%. The authors therefore recommended mediastinoscopy in cases of negative EBUS-TBNA sampling. Of note, however, was the low prevalence of reactive lymphadenopathy (5%) in this study, possibly reflecting the highly selected nature of the population.

    The aims of our study were to investigate the causes of IMHL in patients referred to our centre for EBUS-TBNA and determine the diagnostic performance, in particular the NPV, of EBUS-TBNA in this population. In addition, we wanted to prospectively explore clinically measurable variables that could be used to differentiate the reactive from the pathological causes of IMHL.

    Materials and methods

    This study was an analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all patients referred to the University Hospital of South Manchester (UHSM) with IMHL for EBUS-TBNA from March 2010 to February 2013. UHSM provides an EBUS service for a large network of National Health Service (NHS) trusts in the North West of England. The decision to refer patients with IMHL for EBUS-TBNA was at the discretion of the primary physician. IMHL was defined as the presence of at least one enlarged mediastinal or hilar lymph node on CT (>10 mm in short axis) without an intraparenchymal nodule or mass and without evidence of extrathoracic malignancy.

    Clinical covariates prospectively recorded included patient demographics; symptoms at presentation (defined as asymptomatic or symptomatic if any of the following were present: cough, dyspnoea, chest pain, weight loss, fevers or night sweats); the presence or absence of comorbidity with published evidence of an association with IMHL: emphysema (moderate to severe on CT), chronic bronchitis (bronchial wall thickening on CT in a current or former smoker), interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis (combination of bronchial wall thickening and bronchial dilation greater than the adjacent blood vessel), pulmonary arterial hypertension (echocardiogram finding or dilation of the pulmonary artery greater than the adjacent ascending aorta), heart failure (any condition leading to pulmonary venous hypertension including mitral valve disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction) and connective tissue disorders. Lymph node variables included total number of enlarged lymph node stations, pattern of lymph node enlargement (mediastinal/hilar or both, unilateral vs bilateral) and largest lymph node size (mm). Lymph node stations were classified according to the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Lymph Node Staging Map.28

    Standard diagnostic bronchoscopy (Olympus BFF260 or BF6C260 bronchoscopes) was performed immediately prior to EBUS (Olympus BF-UC260FW ultrasonic bronchoscope) with incremental doses of alfentanil and midazolam used for conscious sedation. Targeted procedures were performed whereby enlarged lymph node stations, identified on preprocedure CT, were directly inspected and sampled sequentially. A minimum of one EBUS-TBNA sample was sent for mycobacterial culture for every patient and at least two samples per lymph node in cases with a high pretest probability of TB. All other samples were sent for cytological analysis but rapid on-site evaluation is not available. All procedures were performed by two of four operators (two respiratory consultants, one nurse consultant bronchoscopist and an interventional bronchoscopy fellow). Additional samples were taken at the discretion of the primary operator including random endobronchial biopsies if sarcoidosis was suspected. Complications were recorded by the primary operator and are classified according to national bronchoscopy guidelines.29

    Prospective data collection ended in February 2013. Six months later (September 2013), all cases were reviewed and the following outcomes recorded: the pathological results of EBUS-TBNA (as well as any other bronchoscopic samples taken during the procedure), the pathological results of any subsequent relevant sampling and the outcome of clinical–radiological follow-up up to September 2013. This enabled a minimum of 6 months follow-up for all patients but a much longer period of surveillance in the majority of cases. The decision to undertake further sampling was at the discretion of the referring physician and not mandated by the EBUS centre. Based on the EBUS-TBNA results, subsequent sampling results and the outcome of clinical–radiological follow-up, a final diagnosis of sarcoidosis, TB, lymphoma, carcinoma or reactive lymphadenopathy was made. A diagnosis of reactive lymphadenopathy was made only if all pathological sampling and a minimum of 6 months follow-up failed to yield an alternative diagnosis, and the referring physician did not consider the patient as having an alternative diagnosis. For example, if a referring physician considered a patient to have sarcoidosis despite negative pathological sampling and stability or regression of lymphadenopathy radiologically, this was considered a false negative.

    Statistical analysis

    Diagnostic performance of EBUS-TBNA was calculated based on standard criteria. The 95% CI for the NPV was calculated using the Wilson method. Analysis was stratified according to the final diagnosis and statistically significant differences determined using χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests; a p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. Patients were categorised according to reactive or pathological (sarcoidosis, TB, carcinoma, lymphoma) causes of IMHL and univariate analysis performed using predefined clinical and lymph node covariates. Factors with a p value <0.1 were taken forward to be included in a multivariate analysis to determine variables that differed significantly between reactive and pathological causes of IMHL. Only factors with p values ≤0.05 were retained for the final model. The model was checked using forward and reverse conditional data entry to ensure stability of the outcome.

    Results

    A total of 100 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA for IMHL during the study period. The mean age was 58.6±15.7 years, 63 were men and 70 of white British ethnicity (table 1). A minimum of 6 months clinical–radiological follow-up was successfully achieved in 99 patients; 1 patient with small cell lung cancer died prior to the completion of 6 months follow-up. The mean follow-up duration was 16.8±8.6 months. There was one major complication: an unplanned admission with postbronchoscopy fever.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Patient characteristics (including symptoms at presentation and comorbidity), lymph node measurements and procedure sensitivity overall categorised according to final diagnosis*

    Causes of IMHL and performance characteristics of EBUS-TBNA

    EBUS-TBNA provided a positive diagnosis in 43 patients, and 57 patients had a negative EBUS-TBNA. Positive diagnoses included 33 patients with granulomatous disorders (TB n=17, sarcoidosis n=16), 9 patients with malignancy (carcinoma n=7, lymphoma n=2) and 1 patient with a mediastinal cyst. From the 57 patients with negative EBUS-TBNA sampling, 10 underwent further relevant pathological sampling as well as clinical–radiological follow-up (mediastinoscopy n=7, repeat EBUS n=2 and supraclavicular lymph node biopsy n=1) and 47 underwent clinical–radiological follow-up alone. From these 57 patients, 9 were subsequently diagnosed with a pathological cause of IMHL (sarcoidosis n=4, lymphoma n=4 and TB n=1) and the EBUS-TBNA categorised as false negative. The remainder were categorised as true negatives after completing the follow-up period and labelled as reactive lymphadenopathy (n=48; figure 1). In eight patients, the lymphadenopathy resolved entirely on serial imaging. The final diagnosis was reactive in 48 patients, a granulomatous disorder in 38 (sarcoidosis n=20, TB n=18), malignancy in 13 (carcinoma n=7, lymphoma n=6) and a mediastinal cyst in 1. All carcinomas were primarily lung in origin. EBUS-TBNA correctly diagnosed 16/20 patients with sarcoidosis, 17/18 patients with TB, 2/6 patients with lymphoma and 7/7 patients with carcinoma (table 1). The overall NPV for EBUS-TBNA in this cohort was 84.2% (95% CI 72.6% to 91.5%) and the diagnostic accuracy 91%.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Diagrammatic representation of diagnostic performance characteristics of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in an isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy (IMHL) population.

    Patient characteristics and final diagnosis

    Age and sex

    The mean age of patients diagnosed with reactive lymphadenopathy was 66.0±11.1 years, significantly older than patients with granulomatous disorders (46.1±14.2 years; p<0.000001) but of a similar age to patients with malignancy (68.8±9.6 years; p=0.41; figure 2). Sex did not differ according to diagnosis.

    Figure 2
    Figure 2

    Mean age distribution (years±95% CI) stratified according to final diagnosis (IMHL, isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy).

    Ethnicity

    The prevalence of reactive lymphadenopathy differed significantly according to ethnicity; 60% of IMHL was reactive in white British (n=42/70) and 23.3% (n=7/30) in Asian/African patients (p=0.001). All pathological diagnoses were secondary to granulomatous disorders in the Asian/African population representing a much higher proportion than white British patients (n=23/30, 76.7% vs n=15/70, 21.4%; p=0.0001); all patients diagnosed with TB (n=18) were of Asian/African ethnicity.

    Symptoms at presentation

    Asymptomatic presentation of IMHL was an uncommon occurrence (n=13). The frequency of asymptomatic presentation was highest in patients with sarcoidosis (n=5/20) but was low in all other groups. The presence of symptoms was similar between patients with reactive and pathological causes of IMHL (p=0.46). The most common symptom in patients with reactive IMHL was cough and breathlessness reflective of the comorbidities present in these patients. Weight loss was commonly reported in patients with malignancy (n=11/13) and TB (n=10/18) but rarely in patients with sarcoidosis (n=1/20) and reactive IMHL (n=5/48). Fever was reported by half of the patients with a diagnosis of TB (n=10/18) and lymphoma (n=3/6) but rarely in other groups.

    Comorbidity

    Overall, 46 patients had at least one comorbidity associated with IMHL (table 1). Significantly more patients had a comorbidity in the reactive (n=39/48, 81.2%) than pathological IMHL group (n=7/52, 13.5%; p<0.000001). Of the pathological diagnoses, carcinoma had the highest proportion of patients with a comorbidity (n=3/7, 43%), with comorbidities being rare in other groups. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema and heart failure were the most common of these comorbidities (figure 3).

    Figure 3
    Figure 3

    Prevalence of comorbidities associated with isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy in the study cohort.

    Lymph node characteristics and final diagnosis

    Number of enlarged lymph node stations

    The number of enlarged lymph node stations across the study was ≤2 stations n=38; 3–4 stations n=40; ≥5 stations n=22 (table 1 and figure 4). The mean number of lymph node stations enlarged was higher for patients with pathological than reactive IMHL (3.4±1.5 vs 2.8±1.1; p=0.04). This difference was mainly due to patients with sarcoidosis; 75% had ≥5 enlarged stations. Patients with TB (n=1/18, 5.6%), carcinoma (n=0/7) and reactive lymphadenopathy (n=4/48, 8.3%) only rarely had five or more enlarged lymph node stations (table 1).

    Figure 4
    Figure 4

    Final diagnosis groups categorised by total number of enlarged lymph node stations.

    Pattern of lymph node enlargement

    The most common patterns of lymphadenopathy were unilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy (30%), unilateral mediastinal and unilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (22%) and bilateral mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy (21%). Only 7% had hilar lymphadenopathy alone. Seventy-five per cent (15/20) of patients with sarcoidosis had bilateral mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. Sixty-seven per cent (12/18) of patients with TB had unilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Fifty-eight per cent (28/48) of patients with reactive lymphadenopathy had either unilateral mediastinal lymphadenopathy or unilateral mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy.

    Maximum lymph node size

    The mean size of the largest lymph node (short axis diameter) across the study group was 21.8±7.2 mm; the lymph node diameter was significantly smaller in patients with reactive lymphadenopathy (n=48, 17.0±3.9 mm) compared with patients with a pathological diagnosis (n=52, 26.2±6.7 mm; p<0.000001; figure 5 and table 1). The largest size was seen in lymphoma (mean diameter 33.5±7.3 mm, range 24–46 mm). All patients with a maximum lymph node diameter of 15 mm or less had a final diagnosis or reactive IMHL (n=19). Lymph nodes of 20 mm or less in diameter were significantly more likely to be reactive in nature (n=38/46, 82.6%) compared with lymph nodes greater than this size (n=10/54, 18.5%; p<0.000001).

    Figure 5
    Figure 5

    Mean diameter (short axis) of the largest LN for each patient (mm±95% CI) stratified according to final diagnosis (IMHL, isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy).

    Differentiating reactive and pathological IMHL

    A univariate and multivariate analysis was undertaken to determine factors that differed significantly between patients with reactive and pathological IMHL (table 2). In univariate analysis, factors associated with an increased likelihood of reactive lymphadenopathy included increasing age (odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.11), white British ethnicity (OR 4.65, 95% CI 1.76 to 12.26) and the presence of comorbidity (OR 27.86, 95% CI 9.49 to 81.77); factors associated with a reduced likelihood of a reactive lymphadenopathy were symptoms of weight loss (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.47) and fevers (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.45) and lymph node characteristics including increased numbers of enlarged lymph node stations (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.99) and larger lymph node diameter (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.79). Multivariate analysis showed increasing age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.13; p=0.033) and the presence of at least one relevant comorbidity (OR 9.49, 95% CI 2.20 to 41.04; p=0.003) to predict for reactive lymphadenopathy and increased maximum lymph node size (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.83; p=0.00004) to predict pathological IMHL.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical parameters to differentiate between reactive and pathological lymphadenopathy

    Patients were then stratified into a ‘low risk’ of pathological IMHL, defined as the presence of at least one comorbidity and a maximum lymph node diameter of less than 20 mm, and high risk defined as the absence of comorbidity and a maximum lymph node diameter greater than 20 mm. Age was excluded because patients with malignancy were not of a significantly different age to patients with reactive lymphadenopathy (figure 2). A total of 32 patients were categorised as low risk, which included 30 patients with reactive lymphadenopathy, 1 patient with TB and 1 patient with sarcoidosis. This compared with 68 patients categorised as high risk, which included 50 patients with a pathological cause and 18 patients with a reactive cause of IMHL. The sensitivity and specificity of this model was 96.2% and 62.5%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 73.5% and NPV 93.8% (95% CI 79.9% to 98.3%).

    Discussion

    Summary of main findings

    The cause of IMHL was investigated in 100 consecutive patients referred for EBUS-TBNA at a tertiary UK centre. A pathological diagnosis was confirmed in 52 patients, and 48 patients were categorised as having reactive lymphadenopathy (n=48) after repeat sampling or a minimum of 6 months follow-up (mean 16.8 months). EBUS-TBNA correctly diagnosed 91% of patients with an overall sensitivity of 82.7% and NPV of 84.2% (95% CI 72.6% to 91.5%).

    The study also investigated the potential of a number of prospectively recorded patient-related and lymph node-related covariates to differentiate reactive from pathological IMHL. Multivariate analysis showed that age, the presence of comorbidity associated with IMHL and lymph node size to be most discriminating. Lymph node size was the strongest predictor of aetiology, with a maximum lymph node diameter of 15 mm or less always reactive (n=16) and always pathological when greater than 25 mm (n=25). The association of increasing age with reactive IMHL was primarily due to patients diagnosed with granulomatous disorders being significantly younger; no difference in age was seen with patients diagnosed with malignancy. There was a very high prevalence of comorbidities known to be associated with IMHL in patients with reactive lymphadenopathy (n=39/48, 81.2%), significantly higher than patients with pathological lymphadenopathy (n=7/52, 13.5%; p=<0.000001). Indeed, a patient with at least one comorbidity was almost 10 times more likely to have reactive rather than pathological IMHL. This supports the evidence of associations in the published literature and underlines the nature of the lymphadenopathy as ‘reacting’ to underlying comorbidities.5–12 ,17 The NPV of EBUS-TBNA in low-risk patients, defined as those with a maximum lymph node size less than 20 mm and having at least one comorbidity, was 93.8% (95% CI 79.9% to 98.3%) with only two patients having granulomatous disorders and none having malignancy in this cohort.

    Strengths and limitations

    A major strength of this study is the prospective collection of data prior to the diagnosis of IMHL, reducing potential observer bias. All patients referred consecutively for investigation of IMHL were included in the study and successfully underwent sampling. The study population is therefore representative of patients referred with IMHL. How representative this study is of all patients with IMHL is difficult to ascertain. The decision to undertake EBUS-TBNA was at the discretion of the referring physician; the threshold for referral may vary or be related to patient preferences introducing a selection bias.

    The study size was not formally calculated but is comparable to the only other prospective study of patients with IMHL.21 The primary outcome measure was the NPV of EBUS-TBNA in patients with IMHL (84.2%, 95% CI 72.6% to 91.5%). The power of the study is therefore reflected in the 95% CI of the NPV. Even at the lower end of this CI (72.6%), this is significantly greater than the previously reported NPV of 40%.21 Indeed, in low-risk patients, the lower end of the CI was almost double at 79.9%. The diagnosis of reactive IMHL was made after negative EBUS sampling and, in the majority of cases, clinical/radiological follow-up. Only a minority of patients underwent additional sampling, raising the possibility of inaccurate categorisation. However, in the majority of patients, follow-up was for a significantly longer period than 6 months and further sampling was not required in any patient. In the case of TB, lymphoma and carcinoma, it is reasonable to expect progression of lymphadenopathy, without treatment, on serial imaging after a negative EBUS-TBNA. It is unlikely, therefore, that such cases would be inaccurately classified as reactive lymphadenopathy due to a lack of pathological verification, given our long follow-up period in the majority of cases. However, sarcoidosis can regress and remain quiescent, resulting in resolution or stability of lymphadenopathy on serial imaging, even without treatment. Such cases, without further pathological sampling after a negative EBUS-TBNA, would be inaccurately classified as reactive lymphadenopathy in our study. Given that this subgroup of sarcoidosis rarely requires treatment and therefore may not benefit from undergoing further pathological sampling (and the associated risks of mediastinoscopy), it may be reasonable that they are included within a ‘low-risk’ cohort that could undergo surveillance in the first instance.

    Findings in the context of other studies

    The prevalence of reactive lymphadenopathy was 5% in one previous study of IMHL (REMEDY trial)21 compared with 48% in our study. The REMEDY trial population was younger, more likely to be of non-white British ethnicity and had a larger mean lymph node size, measures all associated with an increased likelihood of pathological IMHL, possibly reflecting differences in patient selection. Patients in the REMEDY trial were selected through specialist multidisciplinary teams, resulting in the sampling of only high-risk individuals; this was not the case in our own study with patients referred at the discretion of local physicians. As a consequence of the difference in the prevalence of reactive IMHL, the NPV of EBUS-TBNA in our study was more than double that previously reported (84.2% vs 40%).21 This higher NPV, when applied to similar populations in our study, may allow a strategy of surveillance rather than further invasive surgical sampling in cases of IMHL and a negative EBUS-TBNA. This is specifically the case in patients with the presence of comorbidity and maximum lymph node diameter less than 20 mm, as the NPV was even higher at 93.8%.

    Conclusions

    In summary, the population of patients in this study may be a more accurate reflection of the diverse and broad IMHL population that presents to the general respiratory physician in the UK. The prevalence of common comorbidities and the increased availability of CT suggests that IMHL will continue to be a significant burden of work. EBUS-TBNA in this population has a much higher NPV than previous reports suggest. In similar populations, surveillance rather than invasive surgical procedures in carefully selected patients may be appropriate after negative EBUS-TBNA sampling. A multicentre prospective validation of these findings is warranted.

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    View Abstract

    Footnotes

    • Contributors ME and RB designed the study. All authors were responsible for data acquisition. ME and PAJC analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors were involved in manuscript revision and approved the final version. RB is responsible for the overall content as guarantor.

    • Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

    • Competing interests RB has received grant funding from Astra-Zeneca and Lilly Oncology and honoraria from Eli-Lilly, AstraZeneca, Chiesi and Almirall. ME's fellowship post is half funded by Lilly Oncology.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data sharing statement No additional data are available.