Regular ArticleReevaluation of the Confounding Effect of Cigarette Smoking on the Relationship between Alcohol Use and Lung Cancer Risk, with Larynx Cancer Used as a Positive Control☆
References (51)
- et al.
Alcohol, beer, and lung cancer in postmenopausal women. The Iowa Women's Health Study
Ann Epidemiol
(1992) - et al.
Alcohol and beer consumption in relation to cancers of bowel and lung: an extended correlation analysis
J Chron Dis
(1982) - et al.
The health consequences of smoking
Cancer
(1992) - et al.
Alcoholic beverage consumption and lung cancer risk among residents of Los Angeles County
J Nutr
(1998) - et al.
The correlation of epidemiological variables
J Clin Epidemiol
(1994) - et al.
Alcohol and carcinogenesis
Ann Rev Nutr
(1988) - et al.
The effect of alcohol on the risk of lung cancer in Uruguay
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
(1993) - et al.
Cancer incidence among Swedish brewery workers
Int J Cancer
(1990) - et al.
Alcohol intake and the risk of lung cancer: influence of type of alcoholic beverage
Am J of Epidemiology
(1999) - et al.
Evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: alcohol drinking
IARC Monographs
(1988)
Alcohol, beer and lung cancer—a meaningful relationship?
Int J Cancer
Alcohol consumption and lung cancer in White males
Cancer Causes Control
Mortality from cancer of the head and neck, lung and esophagus in eastern Austria between 1960 and 1989
Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol
Alcohol and health—friend or foe?
Casopis Lekaru Ceskych
Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking increase the frequency of p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer
Cancer Res
DNA adducts in bronchial biopsies
Int J Cancer
Dietary and alcohol intake, smoking pattern, occupational risk and family history in lung cancer patients: results of a case-control study in males
Nutr Cancer
A case-control study of dietary factors inpatients with lung cancer
Biomed Environ Sci
A case-control study of tobacco-related cancers in Colombia
Bull Pan Am Health Org
Prospective study of alcohol intake and large bowel cancer
Dig Dis Sci
Drinking and mortality: the Framingham Study
Am J Epidemiol
Alcohol and mortality: a cohort study of male Japanese physicians
Int J Epidemiol
Tobacco, alcohol use, and risks of laryngeal and lung cancer by subsite and histologic type in Turkey
Cancer Causes Control
Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort
Cancer Causes Control
Association between alcohol and lung cancer in the alpha-tocopheral, beta-carotene cancer prevention study in Finland
Cancer Causes Control
Cited by (26)
Alcohol consumption and lung damage: Dangerous relationships
2018, Revue des Maladies RespiratoiresAlcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in never smokers
2016, Gaceta SanitariaCitation Excerpt :A flowchart of the process appears in Figure 2. Among the 17 included studies, the distribution by study design was as follows: 2 meta-analysis,13,14 1 systematic review,12 5 cohort studies,22–26 1 pooling study of cohort studies,27 4 population based case-control studies,15,28–30 3 hospital based case-control studies16,31,32 and 1 nested case-control study.33 Studies were conducted in a wide geographical distribution, covering: United States of America, Japan, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Poland, France, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Greece, Germany, Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
Alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in never smokers: A meta-analysis
2011, Annals of OncologyCitation Excerpt :A further 19 epidemiological studies investigating the association between alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk were excluded since they did not report any risk estimate in never smokers. Three cohort studies [6, 7, 18]; 1 pooled analysis of 7 prospective studies conducted in the United States, Canada and The Netherlands [5]; and 6 case–control studies [4,19–23], leading to a total of 10 studies, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Overall, the meta-analysis was based on a total of 1913 lung cancer cases.
Alcohol drinking and laryngeal cancer: Overall and dose-risk relation - A systematic review and meta-analysis
2010, Oral OncologyCitation Excerpt :Finally, 40 publications were included in this meta-analysis.2,10–48 Two of the articles had possible partial overlap with a few other studies.35,37 Three of the authors reviewed potentially relevant articles.
Challenges in interpreting study results: The conflict between appearance and reality
2006, Journal of the American Dental AssociationCitation Excerpt :It is known that people who drink are more likely to smoke (the exposures are associated) and that smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer (independent risk factor). If smoking is not considered in the data analysis, drinking alcoholic beverages will appear to be a strong risk factor when, in fact, alcohol is not a risk factor for lung cancer and the results were due to the smoking.10 Effect modification occurs when the effect of the risk factor on an outcome can vary, depending on the value of another variable.11
- ☆
Supported by Public Health Service Grant CA32617 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services.
- f1
† Deceased.
- 2
To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at American Health Foundation, 300 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017.