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Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) drugs have never been associated with erythrocytosis. In Eritrea, however, several cases of incident erythrocytosis had been observed in the MDR-TB hospital. This study was aimed at exploring the association between MDR-TB drugs and secondary erythrocytosis, characterising the cases, and identifying other possible risk factors.
Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Merhano National Referral MDR-TB hospital. Data were extracted from physically available clinical cards and laboratory results collected longitudinally between 23 June 2011 and 17 January 2021. Initially, univariate descriptive statistics (frequency, mean (SD), median (IQR) and range) were used as appropriate. Then, χ2 or Fisher χ2 test, and bivariate and/or multivariate Cox proportional hazard model were used to identify the predictors of incident erythrocytosis. All statistical analyses were conducted using R, and a two-sided alpha 0.05 was used to determine the statistical significance.
Results A total of 257 patients’ medical cards were screened, and 219 were eligible for further analysis. The median age of the patients was 38 years (range: 13–90 years) and 54.8% were males. During the follow-up time, 31 (14.2%) patients developed secondary erythrocytosis yielding an incidence rate of 7.8 cases per 1000 person-months. On average, the median time to onset of the event was found to be 5-months (range: 1–24 months). Males were more likely to develop the event than females (adjusted HR=7.13, 95% CI=1.66 to 30.53), and as body weight increases by 1 kg, the likelihood of developing secondary erythrocytosis was found to increase by 7% (adjusted HR=1.07, 95% CI=1.03 to 1.10). Moreover, all cases of secondary erythrocytosis were found to be possibly associated with the MDR-TB drugs.
Conclusion The authors hypothesised that the incident erythrocytosis is possibly be associated with MDR-TB drugs, and further studies are required to substantiate this finding.
- tuberculosis
- drug reactions
- clinical epidemiology
Data availability statement
No additional data is available.
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Key messages
The study sought to explore the association between multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) drugs and secondary erythrocytosis, characterise the cases, and identify other possible risk factors.
The study found a high incidence of secondary erythrocytosis after the commencement of MDR-TB drugs (Incidence rate: 7.8 cases per 1000 person-months) and according to the Naranjo probability scale, all cases were found to be possibly associated with the MDR-TB drugs. Males were more likely to develop secondary erythrocytosis compared to females and with increasing body weight, the likelihood of developing the event was found to increase.
We found a previously undocumented association between MDR-TB drugs and erythrocytosis though further studies are required to substantiate the current finding.
BACKGROUND
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are resistant to at least both rifampicin and isoniazid.1 Worldwide, in 2019, there were about half a million new cases of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, of which 78% were MDR-TB.2 In Eritrea, 1828 people developed TB in 2019,3 and according to a nationwide survey conducted in 2018, the prevalence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis was 2.0% among new cases and 7.5% among previously treated patients; MDR-TB prevalence was 1.0% and 3.8% among new and previously treated cases, respectively.4
The treatment regimen for MDR-TB, especially those considered second-line drugs, are known for their significant adverse events and higher toxicity profile.1 These drugs can cause adverse effects ranging from minor nausea and vomiting to severe reactions, including organ toxicities.5–7 That being said, MDR-TB drugs have never been associated with secondary erythrocytosis.
Erythrocytosis is a haematological disorder characterised by an increased haemoglobin concentration and/or haematocrit in the peripheral blood.8 It can be primary where there is an intrinsic defect in the bone marrow resulting in increased red-cell production. In contrast, secondary erythrocytosis arises when other conditions drive the production of red blood cells.9 Although many conditions can cause secondary erythrocytosis, renal and hepatic diseases, cigarette smoking, hypoxia from chronic lung diseases, obstructive sleep apnoea, testosterone or anabolic steroids, erythropoietin and living at high altitude are the most common risk factors.10–13 The prevalence of secondary erythrocytosis is not known in the general population owing to the diversity of causes and paucity of data. However, its prevalence in risk groups ranges from 2% to 8%.12
Several cases of incident erythrocytosis had been observed in Merhano National Referral MDR-TB hospital, Eritrea, which triggered the authors to conduct this study. The aim of the study, therefore, was to explore the causal association between MDR-TB drugs and secondary erythrocytosis, characterise the cases, and identify other possible risk factors.
Methods
Study design and setting
This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in Merhano National Referral MDR-TB hospital, Eritrea. Historical data were collected from 18–28 January 2021. Merhano National Referral MDR-TB hospital, established in June 2011, is located 12 km South of Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, at an elevation of 2325 m above sea level.
Data source
Data were extracted from physically available clinical cards, patient registers and laboratory results collected longitudinally between 23 June 2011 and 17 January 2021. The laboratory results abstracted consist of haemoglobin and haematocrit levels as well as renal, liver, and thyroid function tests.
Study population
The study evaluated clinical records of all patients admitted to MDR-TB hospital for treatment between June 2011 and January 2021. Patients with baseline haemoglobin or haematocrit level greater than the diagnostic reference range and patients without a second follow-up laboratory measurement results were excluded from the study.
Patient and public involvement
Due to the retrospective nature of the study, patients and/or public were not involved in designing, conducting, reporting or disseminating of this research.
Exposure and outcome definition
The primary outcome of interest was the development of secondary erythrocytosis following the commencement of MDR-TB drugs. Secondary erythrocytosis is defined as a haematological disorder characterised by an increased haemoglobin concentration and/or haematocrit in the peripheral blood arising when conditions other than intrinsic defect of the bone marrow drive the production of red blood cells.8 9 The diagnostic criterion used was haemoglobin level greater than 17.6 g/dL in females and 17.8 g/dL in males, and/or haematocrit level greater than 52% in females and 55% in males.14
Data collection tool
A structured questionnaire was adopted from the one developed by the Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre for documenting the adverse effects of MDR-TB drugs. The questionnaire consists of sociodemographic characteristics, adverse reaction details, drug details, baseline data and laboratory follow-ups. Following a pretest of the questionnaire, a 1-day orientation was given to the data collectors.
Causality assessment
Whether the encountered secondary erythrocytosis was related to the MDR-TB drugs or not, it was assessed using Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale.15 The causality assessment was made by three experienced researchers (a physician, a pharmacist and a pharmacovigilance expert) and a decision was made following the group consensus.
Labelledness
The primary reference materials used for assessing the documentation of the adverse event, secondary erythrocytosis, were the summary of product characteristics of the MDR-TB drugs approved by the stringent regulatory authorities. Moreover, online databases such as Martindale complete drug reference, SIDER, Micromedex, and search engines such as PubMed/Medline and Google scholar were explored.
Statistical analysis
As a preliminary step, univariate descriptive statistics were used to present simple table frequency of all the categorical variables, and mean (SD), median (IQR) and range for the continuous variables by cohort group (secondary erythrocytosis vs no secondary erythrocytosis) were reported as appropriate. Initial confirmatory analyses were conducted using the χ2 test to assess the association between the study outcome variable (secondary erythrocytosis) and all the covariates. Whenever the expected frequency was found to be less than 5%, Fisher χ2 test was used. All variables found to be significant in the χ2 analysis were used in the bivariate and/or multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. Both bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the predictors of incident erythrocytosis. Assumption related to Cox proportional hazard models was tested using a graphical method of log–log plot and was found to be not violated. For all statistical tests, a two-sided alpha 0.05 significance level was used to determine the statistical significance. All statistical analyses for this study were conducted using R.16
Results
A total of 257 patient medical cards were screened, and 219 were eligible for further analysis. From the total reviewed patient cards, 38 medical cards were excluded due to follow-up durations of less than a month (n=28), incomplete data (n=4), blood parameter with erythrocytosis at baseline (n=5) and a patient who got back to first-line treatment (n=1). A patient medical card with missing data on any essential laboratory result was considered incomplete. The flow chart of the study patients’ enrolment is depicted in figure 1.
Summary of the study’s patient cards enrolment. DOTs, directly observed treatment, short-course.
Patients enrolled in this study were 54.8% males and mainly aged below 56 years (80.8%). The age of the patients ranges from 13 to 90 years (median=38 years, IQR=23 years). Approximately one-third of the patients were residents of Asmara which has the same altitude as the MDR-TB hospital, and 60.5% of the patients were residing in different places with an altitude higher than 1500 m above sea level. Except 10 (4.6%), all the patients were diagnosed with pulmonary TB and 83.5% had no comorbidities. HIV infection (10%), diabetes mellitus (5%), psychiatric illness (0.9%), asthma (0.5%) and chronic kidney diseases (0.5%) were the mentioned comorbid conditions. The detailed sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants are displayed in table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patient with MDR-TB by secondary erythrocytosis status who attended Merhano national referral MDR-TB Hospital, Eritrea from June 2011 to January 2021
During the MDR-TB treatment and follow-up period, 64 (29.2%) patients developed liver injury, 20 (9.1%) renal injury and 130 (59.4%) hypothyroidism. Almost 70% of the patients completed the treatment successfully, 7.8% died, 6.4% were lost to follow-up, while 16% were still under treatment at the time of the study.
The average follow-up time was 2-years and during this follow-up time, 31 (14.2%) patients developed secondary erythrocytosis yielding an incidence rate of 7.8 cases per 1000 person-months. The median time to onset of the incident erythrocytosis was found to be 5-months (range: 1–24 months), where 20 patients developed the event within 6-months after the initiation of the drugs. Phlebotomy was reported as action taken to manage the condition in two cases. In rest of the cases, either no action was taken or unknown. The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the patients who developed secondary erythrocytosis are attached as online supplemental file 1.
Supplemental material
To find the possible association between the sociodemographic or medical characteristics, and the development of secondary erythrocytosis, a χ2 or Fisher χ2 test was done as appropriate. Among the tested variables, sex (p<0.001), baseline body weight (p<0.001), educational level (p=0.027) and duration of treatment (p<0.001) were found to be associated with the development of secondary erythrocytosis. After running bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to determine the magnitude of the influence/association (table 2), males were almost seven times (adjusted HR=7.13, 95% CI=1.66 to 30.53) more likely to develop secondary erythrocytosis than females. Additionally, as the baseline body weight of the patients increases by 1 kg, it was found that the likelihood of developing secondary erythrocytosis increases by 7% (adjusted HR=1.07, 95% CI=1.03 to 1.10). At the multivariate level, educational status was found to be insignificant.
Bivariate and multivariate COX proportional hazard model to determine factors associated with incidence of secondary erythrocytosis among patients who attended Merhano national referral MDR-TB Hospital, Eritrea from June 2011 to January 2021
According to Naranjo probability scale, all the secondary erythrocytosis cases were found to be possibly associated with the MDR-TB drugs.
Discussion
The current study found a relatively high incidence of erythrocytosis following the use of MDR-TB drugs though its prevalence among risk groups is low (2%–8%).12 This suggests that there is a triggering factor(s) that could possibly expose patients to incident erythrocytosis. Thorough literature search on PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar shows that the MDR-TB drugs used (kanamycin and/or capreomycin, levofloxacin, ethionamide, cycloserine, para-aminosalicylic acid or pyrazinamide), vitamin B6 and MDR-TB itself have never been associated with erythrocytosis.
Secondary erythrocytosis can occur as a result of altitude changes, heavy smoking, massive obesity, use of steroids, comorbidities (including renal or liver injury) and chronic pulmonary diseases.11–13 17 Accordingly, in the current study, the contribution of other drugs taken, altitude of residence, availability of other diseases/conditions and other possible risk factors of secondary erythrocytosis were ruled-out systematically. Results showed that none of these factors had statistically significant associations with incident erythrocytosis. Although chronic pulmonary diseases have been associated with a rise in haemoglobin level,9 18 we could not find any evidence that suggests tuberculosis as a risk factor of erythrocytosis.
Several patients who had developed hypothyroidism were taking levothyroxine. There were also two patients living with HIV who had taken a combination of efavirenz, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and another two diabetic patients—one on insulin-based therapy and the other taking metformin and glibenclamide. However, none of the summary of product characteristics of the aforementioned products state secondary erythrocytosis as an adverse effect.19–32 On the contrary, anaemia has been reported as an adverse effect of levofloxacin, pyrazinamide, emtricitabine and para-aminosalicylic acid.21 24 25 28 Though erythrocytosis is reported slightly higher in males compared with females in some populations,33 34 it is unknown why males were considerably exposed (93.5%) to secondary erythrocytosis in this study.
Though the association is poorly documented, diet and supplementary intake could contribute to the development of secondary erythrocytosis. For a number of reasons, diet and use of supplements is strictly controlled during the intensive treatment phase (first 6-months). As per the hospital registry, supplements such as multivitamin, folic acid and calcium can be given according to a patient condition. However, none of the cases who developed secondary erythrocytosis had taken any supplement during this period. Additionally, the routine diet schedule of the hospital is egg and milk (daily); meat (four times weekly); rice, vegetables, and lentils (at least twice weekly each) and a strong association of these food types with the development of erythrocytosis could not be found.
Both MDR-TB and MDR-TB drugs could be associated with the development of erythrocytosis. However, about 22.5% of the cases developed the condition after 1-year of starting treatment where at this stage the disease is at its recovery and is less likely to lead to such complications. This supports the fact that the outcome of interest could possibly be associated with the MDR-TB drugs though the contribution of MDR-TB could not be completely ruled out. Findings of the study can be clinically important as erythrocytosis might increase the risk of cardiovascular events such as thromboembolism, haemorrhage, stroke, and myocardial infarction.10 13 35
Although, to our knowledge, this study described a previously undocumented association between MDR-TB drugs and erythrocytosis, it had the following limitations. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, results of diagnostic tests such as bone marrow aspiration, CT scan, spirometry, polysomnography and other important parameters to validate diagnoses could not be retrieved. Thus, some conditions that might cause erythrocytosis, such as obstructive sleep apnoea and polycythemia vera, could not be ruled out. Moreover, the fact that the MDR-TB drugs were administered at the same time and information on dechallenge and rechallenge was unavailable, the authors could not attribute the event to a specific drug.
Conclusion
Taking all the above factors into consideration, the authors hypothesised that the incident erythrocytosis is possibly associated with MDR-TB drugs. Therefore, further studies are required to substantiate the current findings as the results could be important for risk mitigation, management, and patient monitoring.
Data availability statement
No additional data is available.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics and Protocol Review Committee of the Ministry of Health (Reference no. 06/03/17). All ethical and professional considerations were followed throughout the study to keep patient records strictly confidential and patients’ identifiers were anonymised and deidentified prior to analysis. As this was a retrospective study, informed consent was not obtained from patients and waived by the committee.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to sincerely thank the staff of the communicable disease control division, Ministry of Health of Eritrea, for their invaluable comments.
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors MR conceived the idea and is the guarantor of the study. All authors designed, conducted and interpreted the results of the study. Data were collected by ASG, GB and ST, and analysed by HW. ASG, MR and ST drafted the manuscript, and EF critically reviewed it. Finally, the manuscript was approved by all authors.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.