Comorbidities, symptoms, and healthcare use of participants in the development sample
| Controls (n=28 296) | Cases (n=15 159) | Unadjusted OR | (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
| Comorbidities* | ||||||
| Asthma | 2438 | 8.6 | 5669 | 37.4 | 6.61 | (6.23 to 7.02) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 5572 | 19.7 | 3560 | 23.5 | 1.31 | (1.25 to 1.38) |
| Heart failure | 687 | 2.4 | 847 | 5.6 | 2.50 | (2.24 to 2.77) |
| Stroke | 850 | 3.0 | 539 | 3.6 | 1.23 | (1.10 to 1.37) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 3327 | 11.8 | 1660 | 11.0 | 0.93 | (0.87 to 1.00) |
| Anaemia | 1554 | 5.5 | 859 | 5.7 | 1.04 | (0.95 to 1.14) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 50 | 0.2 | 71 | 0.5 | 2.72 | (1.89 to 3.91) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 139 | 0.5 | 107 | 0.7 | 1.44 | (1.12 to 1.86) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 980 | 3.5 | 690 | 4.6 | 1.37 | (1.24 to 1.51) |
| Lung cancer | 35 | 0.1 | 68 | 0.4 | 3.68 | (2.45 to 5.55) |
| Cancer | 3805 | 13.4 | 2098 | 13.8 | 1.05 | (0.99 to 1.11) |
| Depression† | 967 | 3.4 | 630 | 4.2 | 1.24 | (1.12 to 1.38) |
| Anxiety† | 2056 | 7.3 | 1816 | 12.0 | 1.77 | (1.65 to 1.90) |
| Allergic rhinitis | 1917 | 6.8 | 1152 | 7.6 | 1.13 | (1.05 to 1.22) |
| Tuberculosis | 421 | 1.5 | 365 | 2.4 | 1.66 | (1.44 to 1.91) |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | 371 | 1.3 | 344 | 2.3 | 1.77 | (1.52 to 2.06) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 56 | 0.2 | 45 | 0.3 | 1.69 | (1.11 to 2.60) |
| Helicobacter pylori | 188 | 0.7 | 139 | 0.9 | 1.45 | (1.16 to 1.81) |
| Gastric ulcer | 545 | 1.9 | 472 | 3.1 | 1.63 | (1.43 to 1.85) |
| Gastooesophageal reflux disease | 1897 | 6.7 | 1229 | 8.1 | 1.25 | (1.16 to 1.35) |
| Osteoporosis | 713 | 2.5 | 569 | 3.8 | 1.58 | (1.41 to 1.78) |
| Fractures | 3862 | 13.6 | 2547 | 16.8 | 1.30 | (1.23 to 1.38) |
| Diabetes | 2167 | 7.7 | 1015 | 6.7 | 0.87 | (0.81 to 0.94) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 462 | 1.6 | 369 | 2.4 | 1.52 | (1.32 to 1.75) |
| Lower respiratory tract infections† | ||||||
| 0 | 25 128 | 88.8 | 9344 | 61.6 | 1 | |
| 1 | 2205 | 7.8 | 2947 | 19.4 | 4.02 | (3.76 to 4.29) |
| >1 | 963 | 3.4 | 2868 | 18.9 | 9.76 | (8.93 to 10.66) |
| Upper respiratory tract infections† | ||||||
| 0 | 22 355 | 79.0 | 10 623 | 70.1 | 1 | |
| 1 | 3917 | 13.8 | 2702 | 17.8 | 1.47 | (1.39 to 1.56) |
| >1 | 2024 | 7.2 | 1834 | 12.1 | 1.98 | (1.85 to 2.13) |
| Allergy | 7614 | 26.9 | 5045 | 33.3 | 1.40 | (1.34 to 1.46) |
| Symptoms† | ||||||
| Presentations with cough | ||||||
| 0 | 23 470 | 82.9 | 8180 | 54.0 | 1 | |
| 1 | 3072 | 10.9 | 3130 | 20.6 | 3.14 | (2.96 to 3.34) |
| >1 | 1754 | 6.2 | 3849 | 25.4 | 7.12 | (6.64 to 7.63) |
| Presentations with dyspnoea | ||||||
| 0 | 26 789 | 94.7 | 11 294 | 74.5 | 1 | |
| 1 | 1014 | 3.6 | 2220 | 14.6 | 5.57 | (5.12 to 6.06) |
| >1 | 493 | 1.7 | 1645 | 10.9 | 9.01 | (8.05 to 10.09) |
| Wheeze | 456 | 1.6 | 1860 | 12.3 | 8.89 | (7.96 to 9.94) |
| Sputum production | 245 | 0.9 | 609 | 4.0 | 5.32 | (4.52 to 6.26) |
| Weight loss | 211 | 0.7 | 306 | 2.0 | 2.74 | (2.30 to 3.28) |
| Fatigue | 1550 | 5.5 | 1215 | 8.0 | 1.53 | (1.42 to 1.66) |
| Poor sleep | 977 | 3.5 | 810 | 5.3 | 1.59 | (1.44 to 1,75) |
| Health service use†‡ | ||||||
| Antibiotic courses | ||||||
| 0 | 18 799 | 66.4 | 5150 | 34.0 | 1 | |
| 1 | 5361 | 18.9 | 3313 | 21.9 | 2.34 | (2.21 to 2.47) |
| 2 | 2127 | 7.5 | 2267 | 15.0 | 4.04 | (3.76 to 4.34) |
| >2 | 2009 | 7.1 | 4429 | 29.2 | 8.64 | (8.07 to 9.25) |
| Salbutamol | 2492 | 8.8 | 7723 | 50.9 | 11.5 | (10.8 to 12.2) |
| Prednisolone | 1800 | 6.4 | 4358 | 28.7 | 6.17 | (5.78 to 6.58) |
| GP consultations | ||||||
| <5 | 5162 | 18.2 | 1156 | 7.6 | 1 | |
| 5–10 | 4618 | 16.3 | 1734 | 11.4 | 1.81 | (1.66 to 1.98) |
| 10–20 | 7677 | 27.1 | 3745 | 24.7 | 2.55 | (2.36 to 2.77) |
| 20–40 | 7610 | 26.9 | 5136 | 33.9 | 3.99 | (3.68 to 4.32) |
| >40 | 3229 | 11.4 | 3388 | 22.3 | 6.91 | (6.31 to 7.57) |
| Hospital referrals | 703 | 2.5 | 687 | 4.5 | 2.08 | (1.85 to 2.34) |
Unadjusted OR for association with COPD.
*Ever previously diagnosed.
†Within 3 years of COPD diagnosis or equivalent matched time point for controls.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GP, general practitioner.