Distribution of ACE dimensions by race/ethnicity, income and education in the BRFSS
| Parents separated or divorced | Parents never married | Reported stressful living conditions before age 18 | Reported verbal abuse | Reported experience of physical violence before age 18 | Reported experience of sexual abuse before age 18 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 12 836 (18.93) | 182 (0.27) | 23 564 (34.61) | 21 936 (32.70) | 14 518 (21.40) | 8155 (12.05) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1918 (36.88) | 183 (3.52) | 1735 (32.82) | 1368 (26.42) | 1367 (26.08) | 632 (12.10) |
| Hispanic | 716 (28.48) | 25 (0.99) | 979 (38.51) | 909 (36.35) | 865 (34.24) | 359 (14.26) |
| Others | 1679 (22.54) | 60 (0.81) | 2517 (33.61) | 2610 (35.38) | 2183 (29.28) | 1029 (13.84) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than High school | 1627 (29.28) | 74 (1.33) | 2134 (37.88) | 1706 (30.95) | 1703 (30.48) | 796 (14.26) |
| Finished high school | 5327 (23.00) | 155 (0.67) | 7925 (34.00) | 6979 (30.46) | 5512 (23.79) | 2586 (11.20) |
| Some college | 5258 (22.79) | 135 (0.59) | 8510 (36.71) | 8070 (35.33) | 5797 (25.09) | 3225 (14.01) |
| College or more | 4937 (15.82) | 86 (0.28) | 10 226 (32.69) | 10 068 (32.60) | 5921 (18.97) | 3568 (11.46) |
| Income | ||||||
| <US$15 000 | 2011 (29.27) | 88 (1.28) | 2960 (42.60) | 2608 (38.27) | 2256 (32.71) | 1306 (19.02) |
| US$15 000–35 000 | 4972 (22.78) | 157 (0.72) | 7799 (35.52) | 7067 (32.68) | 5511 (25.21) | 2927 (13.43) |
| US$35 000–US$50 000 | 2299 (19.66) | 52 (0.44) | 4009 (34.16) | 3733 (32.29) | 2677 (22.88) | 1369 (11.73) |
| US$50 000–US$75 000 | 2405 (19.17) | 43 (0.34) | 4377 (34.80) | 4203 (33.77) | 2764 (22.00) | 1466 (11.71) |
| >US$75 000 | 3686 (17.90) | 48 (0.23) | 7005 (33.93) | 6805 (33.31) | 4013 (19.48) | 2213 (10.77) |
| Refused, missing or do not know | 1776 (18.78) | 62 (0.66) | 2645 (27.72) | 2407 (25.97) | 1712 (18.10) | 894 (9.48) |
ACE, adverse childhood experience; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.