Panel
| Study definitions | |||
| Cases | |||
| WHO severe pneumonia | Cough and/or difficult breathing with lower chest indrawing and no WHO danger signs | ||
| WHO very severe pneumonia | Cough and/or difficult breathing with at least one danger sign (central cyanosis, difficulty breastfeeding or drinking, vomiting everything, convulsions, lethargy, or unconsciousness, head nodding) | ||
| Controls | |||
| ARI control | Cough or runny nose reported or if (A) ear discharge, wheeze or difficulty breathing and (B) either fever (temperature >38.0°C or reported fever in the past 48 hours) or sore throat were reported. | ||
| Non-ARI control | Does not meet definition of case or ARI control. | ||
| Lung sounds | Description | Inspiration | Expiration |
| Normal | Soft, not musical | Throughout | Early only |
| Crackle | Short, explosive, not musical, popping; usually repetitive | Primarily (but can be variable) | Less common and usually with inspiratory crackles |
| Wheeze | Musical, long duration; can be high or low pitch | Possible | Primarily, prolonged |
| Uninterpretable | Persistent crying or poor quality such that no full breath sounds are heard | Yes | Yes |
| Upper airway noises, not stridor | Generally louder at cheek, may mimic a low pitch wheeze or have ‘snorting’ quality similar to a crackle, can also be a vocalisation | Possible | Possible |
| Upper airway noises, primarily stridor | Generally louder at cheek, may mimic high pitched wheeze although is typically inspiratory only | Primarily | Possible, but less common |
ARI, acute respiratory illness.