Characteristics of study participants at Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Y5 examination visit (at a mean age of 30 years), stratified by the presence of incident excess urinary albumin excretion (eUAE) at Y20 or Y25 examination visits (at a mean age of 45 or 50 years)
| Characteristics | Incident eUAE present at Y20 or Y25 (n=261) % or mean ± SD | Incident eUAE absent at Y20 or Y25 (n=2583) % or mean ± SD | p Value |
| Age (years) | 30.1±3.6 | 30.1±3.6 | 0.89 |
| Black race | 62.5% | 43.3% | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 169.6±9.5 | 170.6±9.6 | 0.13 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3±6.0 | 25.4±5.3 | <0.001 |
| Change in BMI (kg/m2) | 1.76±3.06 | 1.46±2.44 | 0.08 |
| Female sex | 61.7% | 55.5% | 0.06 |
| Increased waist circumference (>102 cm in men, >88 cm in women) | 20.9% | 10.7% | <0.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes mellitus | 0.9% | 1.5% | 0.77 |
| Systemic hypertension | 13.8% | 8.4% | 0.006 |
| Smoking status | 0.16 | ||
| Never-smoker | 58.3% | 62.1% | |
| Former smoker | 12.8% | 14.6% | |
| Current smoker | 28.9% | 23.3% | |
| Smoking pack-years | 2.8±5.1 | 2.8±5.6 | 0.92 |
| High level of self-reported physical activity in the past year† | 27.9% | 35.4% | 0.03 |
| FVC (L) | 4.1±1.0 | 4.4±1.0 | <0.001 |
| FEV1 (L) | 3.3±0.8 | 3.6±0.8 | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio | 0.82±0.06 | 0.82±0.07 | 0.99 |
| Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g) at Y10 | 8.7±5.7 | 5.3±3.5 | <0.001 |
| Logarithm of urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g) at Y10 | 0.85±0.29 | 0.65±0.25 | <0.001 |
All data were obtained at CARDIA Y5 except change in BMI, incident eUAE and systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medication at or before Y10. Urinary albumin creatinine ratio was measured at Y10, after race and sex correction. Change in BMI was defined between Y0 to Y5.
†Self-reported physical activity in the past year at Y5 was defined on a five-point Likert scale. High level of activity is defined as more than moderately active (4 and 5 on five-point Likert scale).
BMI, body mass index.