Cases | Person-years | HR (95% CI)* | |
Alcohol intake | |||
Non-drinkers | 944 | 824 265 | 1.00 |
Monthly to weekly | 208 | 156 871 | 0.83 (0.71 to 0.97) |
1 drink/day | 30 | 13 996 | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.53) |
2+ drinks/day | 67 | 17 558 | 1.45 (1.11 to 1.90) |
Smoking status | |||
Never smokers | 534 | 741 538 | 1.00 |
Former smokers | 175 | 98 290 | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.30) |
Current smokers | 540 | 172 861 | 2.07 (1.80 to 2.39) |
Years of cigarette smoking among current smokers | |||
Never smokers | 534 | 741 538 | 1.00 |
≤19 years | 16 | 9951 | 1.76 (1.06 to 2.90) |
20–39 years | 252 | 100 335 | 2.02 (1.70 to 2.40) |
40+ years | 272 | 62 576 | 2.11 (1.77 to 2.51) |
p Value for trend† | <0.001 | ||
Number of cigarettes/day among current smokers | |||
Never smokers | 534 | 741 538 | 1.00 |
≤6 | 55 | 27 451 | 1.57 (1.18 to 2.09) |
7–12 | 132 | 44 931 | 1.97 (1.61 to 2.42) |
13–22 | 236 | 70 387 | 2.19 (1.84 to 2.61) |
23–32 | 60 | 16 107 | 2.22 (1.67 to 2.95) |
33–42 | 38 | 9806 | 2.46 (1.75 to 3.48) |
43+ | 19 | 4179 | 2.79 (1.74 to 4.48) |
p Value for trend† | <0.001 | ||
Years of smoking cessation among former smokers | |||
Never smokers | 534 | 741 538 | 1.00 |
10+ years | 93 | 53 851 | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.31) |
3–9 years | 54 | 28 002 | 1.17 (0.88 to 1.56) |
≤2 years | 19 | 9140 | 1.24 (0.77 to 2.00) |
Current smokers | 540 | 172 861 | 2.07 (1.80 to 2.38) |
p Value for trend† | <0.001 |
*Adjusted for age at recruitment (years), year of baseline interview (1993–1995, 1996–1998), gender, dialect group (Hokkien, Cantonese), level of education (no formal education, primary school, secondary school or higher), body mass index (kg/m2), total energy intake (kcal/day), baseline history of diabetes (yes, no), tea intake (none, monthly, weekly, daily), energy-adjusted daily intake of protein, cholesterol, marine omega-3, omega-6 fatty acids, vitamin A and vitamin C (quartiles), alcohol intake (none, monthly, weekly, daily 1 drink/day, daily 2+ drinks/day) and smoking status (never, former, current).
†p for linear trend tested by treating factor as continuous variable.