Characteristic | Control subjects (n=25) | Patients with COPD (n=25) | P values |
Age (years) | 65.32±7.85 | 67.84±8.16 | 0.27 |
Gender (% female) | 58.30 | 41.70 | 0.40 |
Education (% of each group) | |||
None | 16 | 52 | 0.03* |
Other | 0 | 8 | |
GCSE | 32 | 20 | |
A level | 20 | 8 | |
Diploma | 8 | 8 | |
Degree | 24 | 4 | |
Cigarette pack-years | 4.16±9.71 | 58.33±23.80 | <0.001* |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||
0 | 23 | 0 | <0.001* |
1 | 2 | 15 | |
2 | 0 | 6 | |
≥3 | 0 | 4 | |
MMSE | 29.28±0.84 | 28.08±1.66 | 0.07 |
FSRP | 6.08±3.13 | 6.96±4.02 | 0.39 |
HAD scale | 6.76±5.00 | 12.05±8.16 | 0.009* |
Executive function | 12.29±2.57 | 9.63±2.21 | <0.001* |
Working memory | 11.02±2.48 | 9.38±2.28 | 0.02* |
Processing speed | 11.54±2.24 | 9.22±2.55 | 0.001* |
Memory (all) | 10.93±3.00 | 9.33±2.71 | 0.05 |
Visual memory | 10.74±4.57 | 9.12±4.72 | 0.22 |
Verbal memory | 11.12±2.74 | 9.54±2.06 | 0.03* |
Data are presented as mean±SD except where indicated otherwise. P values were obtained using independent samples t-test/Pearson’s χ2 test depending on normality of distribution.
*Statistically significant result.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FSRP, Framingham’s Stroke Risk Profile; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.