Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
| Total N=66 | Cycling N=36 | Routine N=30 | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 61.6 (16.9) | 60.0 (16.8) | 63.6 (17.1) |
| Female, n (%) | 26 (39.4) | 9 (25.0) | 17 (56.7) |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| White | 61 (92.4) | 33 (91.7) | 28 (93.3) |
| Other | 5 (7.6) | 3 (8.3) | 2 (6.7) |
| Prehospital living status, n (%) | |||
| Home (independent) | 47 (71.2) | 29 (80.6) | 18 (60.0) |
| Home (unpaid caregiver assistance) | 8 (12.1) | 2 (5.6) | 6 (20.0) |
| Assisted living facility | 5 (7.6) | 2 (5.6) | 3 (10.0) |
| Home (home care) | 3 (4.5) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (6.7) |
| Retirement home | 1 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (3.3) |
| Other | 3 (4.5) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (6.7) |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 23.5 (8.6) | 24.6 (10.0) | 22.1 (6.4) |
| Medical admission, n (%) | 52 (78.8) | 29 (80.6) | 23 (76.7) |
| Admission diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Respiratory | 36 (54.5) | 18 (50.0) | 18 (60.0) |
| Sepsis | 11 (16.7) | 5 (13.9) | 6 (20.0) |
| Gastrointestinal | 8 (12.1) | 6 (16.7) | 2 (6.7) |
| Metabolic | 4 (6.1) | 4 (11.1) | 0 |
| Cardiovascular/vascular | 3 (4.5) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (6.7) |
| Renal | 2 (3.0) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (3.3) |
| Neurological | 2 (3.0) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (3.3) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.92 (1.60) | 1.94 (1.72) | 1.90 (1.47) |
| Functional Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.32 (2.25) | 2.22 (2.46) | 2.43 (2.01) |
| Pre-ICU Katz ADL score, mean (SD) | 5.65 (0.98) | 5.67 (1.01) | 5.63 (0.96) |
| Pre-ICU Functional Status Score for ICU, mean (SD) | 33.2 (4.6) | 32.8 (5.1) | 33.7 (3.9) |
| Frailty score before ICU admission, mean (SD) | 3.47 (1.68) | 3.36 (1.68) | 3.60 (1.69) |
| Location before ICU admission, n (%) | |||
| Emergency room in study hospital | 22 (33.3) | 12 (33.3) | 10 (33.3) |
| Hospital ward | 19 (28.8) | 10 (27.8) | 9 (30.0) |
| Operating room/ post-operative recovery room | 13 (19.7) | 6 (16.7) | 7 (23.3) |
| ICU in other hospital | 5 (7.6) | 3 (8.3) | 2 (6.7) |
| Emergency in other hospital | 4 (6.1) | 4 (11.1) | 0 |
| Other | 3 (4.5) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (6.7) |
This table summarises patient demographics, baseline characteristics and patient outcomes. APACHE II is a 13-item instrument with scores from 0 to 71, higher scores representing higher severity of illness;37 Charlson Comorbidity Index includes 19 categories of comorbidity, with higher scores representing more comorbidity;38 Functional Comorbidity Index includes 18 items associated with physical function, with higher scores representing higher comorbid illness;39 Katz score is a 6-item instrument assessing independence in bathing, dressing toileting, transferring, continence and feeding, with higher scores representing more independence.40
ADL, activities of daily living; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation.