No respiratory disease (n=42 058) | Asthma with early onset (n=1215) | Asthma with late-onset (n=904) | COPD GOLD stage 1+2 (n=7447) | COPD GOLD stage 3+4 (n=521) | ACO with GOLD stage 1+2 and early asthma onset (n=780) | ACO with GOLD stage 1+2 and late asthma onset (n=813) | ACO with GOLD stage 3+4 and early asthma onset (n=101) | ACO with GOLD stage 3+4 and late asthma onset (n=207) | |
General characteristics | |||||||||
Men, % | 16598/42058 (39) | 460/1215 (38) | 235/904 (26) | 4151/7447 (56) | 305/521 (59) | 359/780 (46) | 351/813 (43) | 57/101 (56) | 83/207 (40) |
Age, years | 58 (11) | 51 (9) | 61 (10) | 66 (11) | 70 (9) | 58 (11) | 68 (10) | 62 (11) | 69 (9) |
Respiratory characteristics | |||||||||
FEV1, litres | 3.14 (0.81) | 3.11 (0.79) | 2.62 (0.74) | 2.37 (0.72) | 1.10 (0.31) | 2.41 (0.73) | 2.03 (0.67) | 1.15 (0.34) | 0.98 (0.28) |
FEV1, % of predicted | 104 (13) | 95 (13) | 96 (15) | 83 (17) | 41 (7) | 78 (14) | 77 (16) | 39 (9) | 39 (7) |
FEV1/FVC, % | 79 (5) | 78 (5) | 78 (5) | 64 (6) | 50 (10) | 63 (6) | 62 (6) | 50 (8) | 49 (9) |
mMRC ≥2, % | 1881/41844 (4) | 121/1206 (10) | 176/899 (20) | 1152/7393 (16) | 298/520 (57) | 136/774 (18) | 235/810 (29) | 59/100 (59) | 147/206 (71) |
At least five respiratory infections during preceding 10 years, % | 270/41529 (1) | 106/1206 (9) | 104/902 (12) | 233/7348 (3) | 68/506 (13) | 93/774 (12) | 100/805 (12) | 32/101 (32) | 58/205 (28) |
Medication for airway disease, % | 470/41527 (1) | 729/1209 (60) | 672/898 (75) | 449/7346 (6) | 194/504 (38) | 589/772 (76) | 674/808 (83) | 89/101 (88) | 194/207 (94) |
Asthma, hay fever or eczema as child, % | 5081/41906 (12) | 739/1206 (61) | 202/894 (23) | 616/7413 (8) | 31/517 (6) | 511/775 (66) | 130/800 (16) | 54/100 (54) | 27/204 (13) |
Current allergy | 11371/41926 (27) | 1109/1213 (91) | 660/899 (73) | 1329/7417 (18) | 65/516 (13) | 693/779 (89) | 486/804 (60) | 76/101 (75) | 100/203 (49) |
Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||||
Smoking, % | |||||||||
Never | 27711/41813 (66) | 799/1210 (66) | 584/900 (65) | 0/7326 (0) | 0/509 (0) | 275/748 (37) | 199/797 (25) | 27/97 (28) | 12/201 (6) |
Former | 12358/41813 (30) | 375/1210 (31) | 288/900 (32) | 3915/7326 (53) | 261/509 (51) | 333/748 (45) | 444/797 (56) | 36/97 (37) | 105/201 (52) |
Current | 1744/41813 (4) | 36/1210 (3) | 28/900 (3) | 3411/7326 (47) | 248/509 (49) | 140/748 (19) | 154/797 (19) | 34/97 (35) | 84/201 (42) |
Pack-years, years | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 36 (23) | 46 (26) | 13 (18) | 22 (26) | 28 (31) | 36 (23) |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 137 (21) | 134 (20) | 139 (21) | 142 (21) | 146 (24) | 137 (21) | 144 (21) | 149 (22) | 145 (20) |
Blood pressure medication, % | 7485/41706 (18) | 165/1209 (14) | 237/896 (26) | 2166/7385 (29) | 174/511 (34) | 139/773 (18) | 275/809 (34) | 29/101 (29) | 72/206 (35) |
Diabetes, % | 1198/41899 (3) | 30/1207 (2) | 28/902 (3) | 412/7416 (6) | 37/518 (7) | 30/778 (4) | 58/808 (7) | 9/101 (9) | 18/204 (9) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 (4) | 27 (5) | 27 (5) | 26 (4) | 26 (5) | 26 (4) | 26 (4) | 27 (6) | 26 (5) |
Family history of CVD, % | 2192/41748 (5) | 61/1211 (5) | 53/898 (6) | 381/7375 (5) | 20/510 (4) | 40/773 (5) | 41/802 (5) | 6/100 (6) | 10/204 (5) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.68 (0.51) | 1.60 (0.47) | 1.72 (0.52) | 1.61 (0.54) | 1.68 (0.57) | 1.66 (0.55) | 1.77 (0.58) | 1.66 (0.52) | 1.83 (0.61) |
Physical activity in leisure time, % | |||||||||
Low (sedentary) | 1816/41819 (4) | 84/1211 (7) | 46/894 (5) | 665/7365 (9) | 83/516 (16) | 60/776 (8) | 57/800 (7) | 16/96 (17) | 44/203 (22) |
Moderate | 16914/41819 (40) | 471/1211 (39) | 408/894 (46 | 3421/7365 (46) | 292/516 (57) | 343/776 (44) | 364/800 (46) | 58/96 (60) | 104/203 (51) |
High | 20261/41819 (48) | 560/1211 (46) | 389/894 (44) | 2907/7365 (39) | 125/516 (24) | 322/776 (41) | 331/800 (41) | 21/96 (22) | 51/203 (25) |
Very high | 2828/41819 (7) | 96/1211 (8) | 51/894 (6) | 372/7365 (5) | 16/516 (3) | 51/776 (7) | 48/800 (6) | 1/96 (1) | 4/203 (2) |
Previous admissions CHD or heart failure, % | 1746/42058 (4) | 37/1215 (3) | 75/904 (8) | 891/7447 (12) | 103/521 (20) | 43/780 (6) | 106/813 (13) | 18/101 (18) | 46/207 (22) |
*Continuous variables are presented as mean (SD).
ACO, asthma-COPD overlap; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale.