Association between moderate–severe persistent asthma and selected phenotypic characteristics at multivariate analysis
| Factor | Unadjusted estimates | Adjusted estimates | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Country | ||||
| Uganda | Reference | Reference | ||
| Kenya | 1.15 (0.88 to 1.50) | 0.305 | 1.04 (0.72 to 1.49) | 0.842 |
| Ethiopia | 4.04 (2.78 to 5.87) | <0.001 | 4.58 (2.46 to 8.51) | <0.001 |
| Adult onset asthma (onset >19 years) | 1.65 (1.30 to 2.10) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.92 to 1.67) | 0.162 |
| Family history of asthma | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.01) | 0.058 | 0.95 (0.71 to 1.26) | 0.702 |
| Smoking (current/former) | 1.81 (1.05 to 3.11) | 0.033 | ||
| Biomass exposure | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) | 0.733 | 1.02 (0.74 to 1.41) | 0.702 |
| HIV | 1.14 (0.61 to 2.12) | 0.684 | ||
| Tuberculosis history | 0.82 (0.29 to 2.30) | 0.709 | ||
| Hypertension | 1.43 (0.97 to 2.11) | 0.072 | ||
| Obesity | 1.05 (0.78 to 1.40) | 0.767 | 1.12 (0.78 to 1.61) | 0.533 |
| GERD | 1.20 (0.88 to 1.65) | 0.247 | 1.78 (1.20 to 2.65) | 0.004 |
| Rhinosinusitis | 0.70 (0.54 to 0.91) | 0.008 | ||
| At least one positive SPT, % | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.10) | 0.220 | ||
| FeNO ≥35 ppb, % | 1.37 (1.04 to 1.79) | 0.024 | 1.17 (0.85 to 1.60) | 0.329 |
| AEC>300 cells/μL, % | 1.45 (1.13 to 1.84) | 0.003 | 1.09 (0.81 to 1.46) | 0.571 |
AEC, absolute eosinophil count; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; GERD, gastro-oesophageal disease; SPT, skin prick test.