LIVE Score validation cohort—Kaiser Permanente mortality and healthcare utilisation
| Variables in 2013 | Overall n=17 124 | LIVE 1 n=264 | LIVE 2 n=667 | LIVE 3 n=3472 | LIVE 4 n=6443 | LIVE 5 n=6278 | P value |
| N (%) | 17 124 (100) | 264 (0.02) | 667 (0.04) | 3472 (20) | 6443 (38) | 6278 (37) | <0.001 |
| 4 year mortality | 3206 (18.7) | 167 (63.3) | 316 (47.4) | 1353 (39.0) | 1098 (17.0) | 272 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Transthoracic echocardiogram | 3006 (17.6) | 133 (50.4) | 318 (47.7) | 1140 (32.8) | 958 (14.9) | 457 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Chest CT | 2548 (14.9) | 78 (29.5) | 281 (42.1) | 778 (22.4) | 938 (14.6) | 473 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| ED COPD visits | 0.49±1.0 | 0.89±1.3 | 0.98±1.9 | 0.74±1.2 | 0.48±1.0 | 0.21±0.6 | <0.001 |
| Inpatient COPD visit | 0.47±0.9 | 1.33±1.1 | 1.42±1.5 | 0.81±1.0 | 0.37±0.7 | 0.10±0.4 | <0.001 |
| OP COPD visit | 2.11±3.0 | 1.50±2.9 | 1.99±3.7 | 2.45±3.9 | 2.31±3.0 | 1.70±2.2 | <0.001 |
| OP any visit | 18.66±21.5 | 26.89±31.5 | 30.67±31.5 | 26.65±30.2 | 18.53±18.1 | 12.74±13.4 | <0.001 |
| Inpatient any visit | 0.57±1.2 | 2.34±2.0 | 2.39±2.0 | 1.10±1.4 | 0.45±0.9 | 0.13±0.5 | <0.001 |
| ED any visit | 1.24±2.2 | 3.46±3.5 | 3.58±3.7 | 1.86±2.5 | 1.19±2.1 | 0.60±1.5 | <0.001 |
A table summarising the healthcare utilisation for the 17 124 patients is shown. Healthcare utilisation measured by ED visits and inpatient visits for COPD and any cause followed a similar pattern as mortality. The highest-risk patients (LIVE 1 and 2) had the highest rate of ED visits and hospitalisations for COPD and any cause, while the lowest-risk patients (LIVE 5) had the lowest rate. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance for continuous variables (COPD visits) and Fisher’s exact test was used to determine statistical significance for categorical variables (mortality, transthoracic echocardiogram and chest CT). Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance for continuous variables (COPD visits) and Fisher’s exact test was used to determine statistical significance for categorical variables (mortality, transthoracic echocardiogram and chest CT)
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; LIVE, Laboratory-based Intermountain Validated Exacerbation; OP, outpatient.