Table 1

Patient demographics and baseline characteristics by ACT groups

	ACT score ≤15 (n=1360)		ACT score 16–19 (n=1572)		ACT score 20–25 (n=4888)
	%/Mean	N/SD	%/Mean	N/SD	%/Mean	N/SD	P-value
Age, mean (SD)	42.42	15.04	42.39	16.52	42.43	16.80	0.995
Sex, female, % (n)	66.4	903	68.3	1074	67.5	3299	0.540
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	54.5	741	57.2	899	62.0	3032	<0.001
Non-Hispanic black	11.6	158	12.2	191	9.2	448
Hispanic	18.2	248	15.3	241	12.9	629
Other ethnicity	15.7	213	15.3	241	15.9	779
Married/living with partner
Single/divorced/separated/ widowed/decline to answer	46.9	638	49.8	783	48.2	2354	0.284
Married/living with partner	53.1	722	50.2	789	51.8	2534	0.284
Education
<4 year college degree	68.8	935	69.3	1090	57.9	2830	<0.001
4 year college degree or higher	31.3	425	30.4	478	41.8	2045
Declined to answer	0.0	0	0.3	4	0.3	13
Annual household income
<$25 k	30.7	417	27.4	431	19.4	949	<0.001
$25 k to $50 k	28.3	385	26.5	417	24.7	1206
$50 k to $75 k	14.6	199	17.3	272	19.8	966
$75 k or more	22.1	301	22.5	354	29.3	1431
Declined to answer	4.3	58	6.2	98	6.9	336
Insurance type
Private through employer	37.8*	456	44.6†	630	54.8‡	2442	<0.001
Individual/family plans	12.4*	150	13.0†	183	11.7‡	522
Medicaid (Medical for CA residents)	18.7*	225	15.9†	224	9.7‡	430
Medicare	25.4*	306	21.3†	301	18.1‡	806
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs (CHAMPVA)	1.2	15	0.9	13	0.9	42
TRICARE	1.8	22	1.7	24	2.0	90
Other/unsure	5.6*	68	5.2†	74	5.7‡	255
BMI category
Underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m²)	4.6	62	2.5	40	2.5	124	<0.001
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²)	23.2	315	26.9	423	28.7	1401
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m²)	23.4	318	24.3	382	28.7	1405
Obese (BMI>30.0 kg/m²)	45.7	622	42.2	663	36.6	1791
Unknown	3.2	43	4.1	64	3.4	167
Smoking status
Current smoker	27.1	369	22.3	351	11.0	540	<0.001
Former smoker	22.4	305	26.5	417	26.3	1287
Never smoker	50.4	686	51.1	804	62.6	3061
Drink alcohol
No	36.6	498	35.9	565	35.1	1714	0.528
Yes	63.4	862	64.1	1007	64.19	3174	0.528
Exercise 20+min 1+times in past month	60.9	828	59.5	936	64.7	3162	<0.001
CCI	0.94	1.57	0.69	1.22	0.50	1.04	<0.001
CCI categories
CCI 0	53.7	730	63.6	1000	71.7	3505	<0.001
CCI 1	24.9	339	19.5	307	16.5	806
CCI 2	11.3	154	9.4	147	6.8	332
CCI 3+	10.1	137	7.5	118	5.0	245
Asthma treatment at baseline
ICS
No	74.1	814	77.6	916	80.8	2481	<0.001
Yes	25.9	285	22.4	265	19.2	588	<0.001
LABA
No	98.0	1077	99.1	1170	99.0	3038	0.022
Yes	2.0	22	0.9	11	1.0	31	0.022
ICS/LABA combination
No	60.6	666	64.0	756	70.7	2169	<0.001
Yes	39.4	433	36.0	425	29.3	900	<0.001
SABA
No	19.6	215	19.2	227	24.2	743	<0.001
Yes	80.4	884	80.8	954	75.8	2326	<0.001
Leukotriene
No	76.7	843	81.3	960	81.9	2514	0.001
Yes	23.3	256	18.7	221	18.1	555	0.001
Theophylline
No	97.6	1073	99.2	1171	99.4	3051	<0.001
Yes	2.4	26	0.8	10	0.6	18	<0.001
Anti-IgE
No	98.5	1082	99.2	1172	99.4	3052	0.007
Yes	1.5	17	0.8	9	0.6	17	0.007

*% excludes 155 patients with missing data.
†% excludes 160 patients with missing data.
‡ % excludes 433 patients with missing data. P-value represents omnibus analysis of variance p-values.
ACT, asthma control test; Anti-IgE, anti-immunoglobulin E; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta-agonists; SABA, short-acting beta-agonists; SD, standard deviation.