Contribution of phases in the life cycle, from ‘cradle to grave’, of Foster 100/6 µg MDI 120 doses and Foster NEXThaler DPI 100/6 µg 120 doses, to their individual carbon footprint for single actuation (gCO2e/actuation) and their relative contribute (%)
| Product name (INN) | Foster 100/6 µg MDI 120 doses | Foster NEXThaler 100/6 µg DPI 120 doses | |||
| Life cycle stage | Absolute contribute gCO2e/actuation | Relative contribute % | Absolute contribute gCO2e/actuation | Relative contribute % | |
| Upstream | Raw materials—active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients* | 1.29 | 1.36 | 0.02 | 0.24 |
| Raw materials—device components | 0.81 | 0.85 | 1.60 | 21.02 | |
| Raw materials—packaging components | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 4.37 | |
| Supplementary materials—device packaging | 0.96 | 1.02 | 2.46 | 32.20 | |
| Total | 3.18 gCO2e/actuation | 3.37% | 4.41 gCO2e/actuation | 57.83% | |
| CORE | Raw materials transportation | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 1.89 |
| Energy and water consumption | 2.00 | 2.12 | 1.96 | 25.72 | |
| Manufacturing waste | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.94 | |
| HFA leaks and air emissions | 1.43 | 1.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| Total | 3.60 gCO2e/actuation | 3.82% | 2.18 gCO2e/actuation | 28.54% | |
| Downstream | Distribution and transportation | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 4.29 |
| User phase | 66.27 | 70.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| End of life | 21.04 | 22.28 | 0.71 | 9.34 | |
| Total | 87.64 gCO2e/actuation | 92.82 % | 1.04 gCO2e/actuation | 13.63 % | |
| Total CF gCO2e/actuation | 94.42 | 7.63 | |||
Data calculated using the CF-SA method.
*Excipients including propellant gas HFA134a in case of Foster 100/6 MDI.
CF, carbon footprint; CF-SA, systematic approach for CF calculation; DPI, Dry Powder Inhaler; HFA, hydrofluoroalkane; INN, International Nonproprietary Names ; MDI, metered-dose inhaler.