Within-group and between-group changes in quality of life, cognitive-emotional measures and functional status
| Baseline to 12 weeks | Baseline to 24 weeks | |||||||
| Outcome measure | Tai chi (N=52) Mean change (SD) | Education (N=29) Mean change (SD) | Between-group effect size (95% CI) | Adjusted between- group Mean difference (95% CI)* | Tai chi (N=49) Mean change (SD) | Education (N=29) Mean change (SD) | Between- group effect size (95% CI) | Adjusted between- group mean difference (95% CI)* |
| Health-related quality of life and symptoms | ||||||||
| CRQ dyspnoea* | 0.29 (1.31) | 0 (0.83) | 0.26 (−0.20 to 0.71) | 0.29 (−0.16 to 0.75) | 0.23 (1.31) | −0.25 (1.05) | 0.41 (−0.06 to 0.87) | 0.46 (−0.05 to 0.97) |
| CRQ emotion* | 0.25 (0.75) | −0.18 (0.84) | 0.54 (0.08 to 1.00) | 0.49 (0.13 to 0.85) | 0.09 (1) | 0.16 (0.79) | −0.08 (−0.54 to 0.38) | −0.01 (−0.4 to 0.38) |
| CRQ fatigue* | 0.2 (1.23) | 0.15 (0.74) | 0.05 (−0.40 to 0.51) | 0.08 (−0.34 to 0.50) | −0.06 (1.04) | 0.03 (0.9) | −0.09 (−0.55 to 0.37) | −0.05 (−0.47 to 0.38) |
| CRQ mastery* | 0.27 (0.94) | 0.02 (0.97) | 0.27 (−0.19 to 0.72) | 0.26 (−0.16 to 0.69) | 0.41 (0.89) | 0.25 (0.91) | 0.18 (−0.28 to 0.64) | 0.15 (−0.25 to 0.55) |
| CRQ total* | 0.25 (0.74) | −0.03 (0.47) | 0.46 (0 to 0.92) | 0.31 (0.05 to 0.57) | 0.16 (0.77) | 0.05 (0.57) | 0.16 (−0.30 to 0.62) | 0.13 (−0.17 to 0.42) |
| UCSD shortness of breath | −1.7 (11.73) | 0.85 (7.23) | −0.26 (−0.72 to 0.19) | −2.58 (−6.63 to 1.47) | −0.09 (14.81) | 3.06 (9.95) | −0.25 (−0.71 to 0.21) | −3.28 (−8.66 to 2.11) |
| PROMIS fatigue* | −0.13 (0.4) | 0.02 (0.5) | −0.34 (−0.80 to 0.12) | −0.17 (−0.38 to 0.03) | −0.04 (0.67) | −0.01 (0.51) | −0.05 (−0.51 to 0.41) | −0.05 (−0.30 to 0.21) |
| Cognitive-emotional measures | ||||||||
| COPD self-efficacy | 0.13 (0.58) | 0.15 (0.43) | −0.04 (−0.49 to 0.41) | 0 (−0.22 to 0.22) | 0.16 (0.62) | 0.13 (0.53) | 0.06 (−0.40 to 0.52) | 0.07 (−0.19 to 0.33) |
| CES-D score* | −2.57 (7.73) | −0.07 (5.78) | −0.37 (−0.82 to 0.09) | −2.39 (−5.28 to 0.49) | −1.41 (9.44) | 0.21 (8.17) | −0.18 (−0.64 to 0.28) | −1.42 (−5.28 to 2.43) |
| MSPSS* | 0.14 (1) | −0.03 (0.63) | 0.20 (−0.26 to 0.65) | 0.13 (−0.21 to 0.48) | 0.27 (1.28) | −0.04 (0.61) | 0.30 (−0.16 to 0.76) | 0.26 (−0.15 to 0.66) |
| Functional status | ||||||||
| 6 min walk test | 35.3 (118.6) | 30.5 (121.6) | 0.04 (−0.41 to 0.49) | 1.4 (−52.9 to 55.7) | 12.8 (138.3) | −12.3 (158.1) | 0.17 (−0.30 to 0.64) | 27.7 (−40.7 to 96.0) |
| Chair stand | 0.63 (1.74) | 1.07 (2.31) | −0.21 (−0.67 to 0.24) | −0.43 (−1.39 to 0.53) | 0.57 (2.25) | 0.9 (1.99) | −0.16 (−0.62 to 0.31) | −0.30 (−1.25 to 0.66) |
| Chair sit and reach | 0.28 (3.18) | −0.43 (2.91) | 0.23 (−0.22 to 0.69) | 0.67 (−0.68 to 2.03) | 0.36 (3.08) | −0.29 (2.62) | 0.23 (−0.24 to 0.69) | 0.67 (−0.61 to 1.96) |
| Calories-Mod Intensity Exercise† | −216 (2311) | −177 (1765) | −0.02 (−0.47 to 0.44) | −36 (−905 to 834) | −356 (1976) | 591 (2798) | −0.39 (−0.86 to 0.07) | −874 (−2003 to 254) |
| Freq-Mod Intensity Exercise | −1.26 (6.52) | −0.38 (5.92) | −0.14 (−0.59 to 0.31) | −0.92 (−3.56 to 1.72) | 1.93 (18.89) | −0.74 (7.24) | 0.19 (−0.27 to 0.64) | 2.81 (−2.85 to 8.47) |
*Adjusted for 12 weeks values, and baseline CESD, BODE (Body Mass Index, Obstruction, Dyspnoea, Exercise) and Charlson Comorbidity Score.
†Kcal/week.
CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRQ, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; UCSD, University of California San Diego.