COPD subgroup analyses for PM10, PM2.5 and NO2
| Characteristics | PM10 (95% CI) | PM2.5 (95% CI) | NO2 (95% CI) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.25 (1.17 to 1.33) | 1.40 (1.27 to 1.54) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) |
| Female | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.32) | 1.32 (1.21 to 1.44) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.11) |
| Interaction p value | 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.91 |
| Age | |||
| <65 years old | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.39) | 1.47 (1.33 to 1.62) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.13) |
| ≥65 years old | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.27) | 1.28 (1.18 to 1.39) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.17) |
| Interaction p value | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.05 |
| History of asthma | |||
| Yes | 1.38 (1.18 to 1.61) | 1.66 (1.33 to 2.08) | 1.86 (1.39 to 2.48) |
| No | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.29) | 1.33 (1.25 to 1.43) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) |
| Interaction p value | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.003 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Former | 1.40 (1.17 to 1.67) | 1.67 (1.28 to 2.17) | 1.24 (0.99 to 1.55) |
| Current | 1.24 (1.14 to 1.36) | 1.40 (1.24 to 1.59) | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.15) |
| Never | 1.23 (1.16 to 1.29) | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.42) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) |
| Interaction p value | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.57 |
| Total household income (¥) | |||
| >15 000 | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.31) | 1.36 (1.24 to 1.49) | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.11) |
| ≤15 000 | 1.27 (1.18 to 1.36) | 1.41 (1.27 to 1.56) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.19) |
| Interaction p value | 0.27 | 0.67 | 0.31 |
| BMI | |||
| Low (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.36 (1.17 to 1.57) | 1.47 (1.19 to 1.81) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) |
| Normal (18.5–23.9 kg/m2) | 1.28 (1.20 to 1.36) | 1.42 (1.30 to 1.55) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.30) |
| Overweight (24.0–27.9 kg/m2) | 1.29 (1.19 to 1.40) | 1.45 (1.28 to 1.64) | 0.85 (0.68 to 1.07) |
| Obese (≥28.0 kg/m2) | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.31) | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.38) | 0.97 (0.80 to 1.18) |
| Interaction p value | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.11 |
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.