Risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in relation to long-acting bronchodilator exposure status in 30 days before index date
| Exposure status | Cases (No (%)) | Controls (No (%)) | Matched unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Matched adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Unmatched adjusted OR† (95% CI) |
| LAMA and LABA dual therapy | 641 (11.9) | 4592 (8.9) | 1.25 (1.11 to 1.41) | 1.28 (1.13 to 1.44) | 1.25 (1.11 to 1.41) |
| LAMA therapy | 678 (12.6) | 6044 (11.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| LABA therapy | 2017 (37.4) | 18 590 (36.1) | 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) |
| Unexposed‡ | 2063 (38.2) | 22 337 (43.3) | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.91) | 0.84 (0.76 to 0.92) | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.93) |
*Adjusted for ethnicity; NZDep06; Charlson comorbidity score; hospital discharge diagnosis before cohort entry of asthma, ACS; hospital discharge diagnosis before cohort entry and (separately) between cohort entry and index date of any ischaemic heart disease, raised blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, heart failure, life-threatening arrhythmia, ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack, diabetes, benign prostatic hypertrophy/bladder outflow obstruction; hospital discharge diagnosis at any time before index date of hyperthyroidism, closed-angle glaucoma, osteoporotic fracture; use in 6 months before cohort entry and (separately) in 6 months before the index date of statin, antiplatelet, blood pressure lowering, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory,and theophylline therapy.
†Adjusted for the above variables and the matching factors (date of birth, sex, date of cohort entry, and COPD severity).
‡No long-acting bronchodilator use in 30 days before index date.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LABA, long-acting beta2 agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist.