Characteristics | Overall (N=4313) | Corticosteroids (n=574) | No corticosteroids (n=3739) | P value |
Age—years | 65.1±16.8 | 64.5±16.1 | 65.2±16.9 | 0.32 |
Female sex—n (%) | 1872 (43.4) | 248 (43.0) | 1624 (43.0) | 0.93 |
Obesity | 363 (8.4) | 36 (6.3) | 327 (8.8) | 0.05 |
Race or ethnic group—n (%)* | ||||
White | 930 (24.7) | 121 (24.0) | 809 (25.0) | 0.19 |
Black | 921 (24.5) | 136 (27.0) | 785 (24.0) | 0.28 |
Hispanic | 1705 (45.3) | 218 (43.0) | 1487 (46.0) | 0.49 |
Asian | 209 (5.6) | 33 (6.5) | 176 (5.4) | 0.29 |
Other | 548 (12.7) | 66 (11.5) | 482 (12.9) | 0.45 |
Coexisting conditions—n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 1525 (35.4) | 183 (32.0) | 1342 (36.0) | 0.07 |
Diabetes | 1010 (23.4) | 119 (21.0) | 891 (24.0) | 0.11 |
Chronic kidney disease | 557 (13) | 61 (11.0) | 496 (13.0) | 0.08 |
Asthma | 207 (4.8) | 34 (5.9) | 173 (4.6) | 0.17 |
COPD | 175 (4.1) | 16 (2.8) | 159 (4.3) | 0.11 |
OSA | 97 (2.3) | 9 (1.6) | 88 (2.4) | 0.29 |
Smokers | 1091 (25.3) | 133 (23) | 958 (26.0) | 0.22 |
Any comorbidity | 2364 (54.8) | 297 (51.7) | 2067 (55.3) | 0.12 |
No comorbidity | 1949 (45.2) | 277 (48.3) | 1672 (44.7) | 0.12 |
COVID-19 disease severity† | ||||
Mild | 638 (14.8) | 103 (18) | 535 (14) | 0.02 |
Moderate | 3105 (71.9) | 387 (67) | 2718 (73) | 0.01 |
Severe (intubated) | 570 (13.2) | 84 (15) | 486 (13) | 0.28 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | ||||
0 | 609 (14.1) | 85 (15) | 524 (14) | 0.61 |
1 | 488 (11.3) | 69 (12) | 419 (11) | 0.57 |
2 | 780 (18.1) | 111 (19) | 669 (18) | 0.41 |
≥3 | 2436 (56.5) | 309 (54) | 2127 (57) | 0.16 |
Length of hospital stay (days) | ||||
Mean | 9.1±23.4 | 8.09±6.8 | 9.2±24.9 | 0.02 |
Median | 6 (3–12) | 6 (3–12) | 6 (3–11) | – |
Admission laboratory values | ||||
C reactive protein (mg/L) | 133.1±22.2 | 82±44 | 142±24 | 0.33 |
D-dimer (μg/L) | 1.21±0.18 | 1.23±0.35 | 1.21±0.22 | 0.63 |
Ferritin (ng/L) | 613.3±124 | 404.2±225 | 669±145 | 0.61 |
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 269±20 | 316±16 | 205±42 | 0.02 |
Procalcitonin (ng/L) | 1.24±0.72 | 0.23±0.06 | 1.37±0.81 | 0.47 |
Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.42±0.22 | 1.08±0.29 | 1.47±0.26 | 0.92 |
Clinical outcomes | ||||
Death | 1270 (29.5) | 153 (26.7) | 1117 (29.9) | 0.13 |
ICU admission | 324 (7.5) | 39 (6.8) | 285 (7.6) | 0.47 |
Mechanical ventilation | 581 (13.5) | 86 (15.0) | 495 (13.2) | 0.27 |
*Patient-reported variables. COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. OSA = Obstructive sleep apnea.
†Mild—oxygen saturation >93%; moderate—oxygen saturation <93%; severe—respiratory failure with oxygen saturation <93% and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (Mount Sinai Health System Treatment Guidelines).
ICU, intensive care unit.