OR of detection in cases compared with controls by multiplex PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs, by pathogen, adjusted for age and season (logistic regression)
| Pathogen | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 1.7 | 1.2 to 2.3 | 0.002 |
| RSV | 20.6 | 9.4 to 45.3 | <0.001 |
| Influenza virus | 6.1 | 2.5 to 14.9 | <0.001 |
| Parainfluenza virus | 4.6 | 1.8 to 11.3 | 0.001 |
| Metapneumovirus | 4.5 | 1.3 to 16.1 | 0.021 |
| No pathogen detected | 0.1 | <0.1 to 0.2 | <0.001 |
P values were obtained by Wald test.
RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.