Variable | All patients n=315 | Survivors n=254 | Non-survivors n=61 | P value |
Age, years | 71.4+18.0 | 69.2+18.7 | 80.4+10.3 | <0.01 |
Male | 179 (56.8) | 141 (55.5) | 38 (62.3) | 0.39 |
BMI* | 22.7+6.1 | 23.5+6.3 | 19.9+3.7 | 0.0003 |
Smoking† | ||||
Never | 177 (56.2) | 152 (59.8) | 25 (41.0) | <0.01 |
Former | 29 (9.2) | 28 (11.0) | 1 (1.6) | |
Current | 24 (7.6) | 16 (6.3) | 8 (13.1) | |
Residing in long-term care facility | 63 (20) | 45 (17.7) | 18 (29.5) | 0.05 |
Hospitalisation in prior 30 days | 69 (21.9) | 49 (19.3) | 20 (32.8) | 0.02 |
Antibiotic therapy in prior 30 days | 71 (22.5) | 55 (21.7) | 16 (26.2) | 0.50 |
Comorbid chronic diseases | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 110 (34.9) | 83 (32.7) | 27 (39.3) | 0.10 |
Hypertension | 190 (60.3) | 151 (59.4) | 39 (63.9) | 0.56 |
Ischaemic heart disease | 86 (27.3) | 65 (25.6) | 21 (34.4) | 0.20 |
Congestive cardiac failure | 17 (5.4) | 11 (4.3) | 6 (9.8) | 0.11 |
Asthma | 22 (7.0) | 19 (7.5) | 3 (4.9) | 0.59 |
Chronic obstructive lung disease | 22 (7.0) | 17 (6.7) | 5 (8.2) | 0.78 |
Bronchiectasis | 22 (7.0) | 18 (7.1) | 4 (6.6) | 1.00 |
Dementia | 85 (27.0) | 58 (22.8) | 27 (44.3) | 0.001 |
Parkinson’s disease | 23 (7.3) | 18 (7.1) | 5 (8.2) | 0.79 |
Chronic kidney disease | 48 (15.2) | 34 (13.4) | 14 (23.0) | 0.07 |
Chronic liver disease | 11 (3.5) | 8 (3.1) | 3 (4.9) | 0.45 |
Active cancers | 34 (10.7) | 16 (6.3) | 18 (29.5) | <0.01 |
Vital signs on admission | ||||
Fever >38.0°C | 191 (60.6) | 160 (63.0) | 31 (50.8) | 0.11 |
Heart rate/minute | 96.9+1.3 | 95.2+1.3 | 104.0+3.4 | 0.006 |
Respiratory rate/minute | 21.3+5.0 | 20.2+3.7 | 25.5+7.2 | <0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 130.8+26.8 | 134.5+25.4 | 115+27.1 | <0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 72.1+14.3 | 73.1+13.9 | 67.9+15.3 | 0.001 |
Pulse capillary oxygenation (%) | 95.0+5.3 | 95.6+4.7 | 92.2+6.7 | <0.01 |
Fraction of inspired oxygen required | 29.8+20.5 | 26.2+15.1 | 44.4+31.1 | <0.01 |
Respiratory symptoms | ||||
Cough | 178 (56.6) | 150 (59.1) | 28 (45.9) | 0.08 |
Dyspnoea | 130 (41.3) | 88 (34.6) | 42 (68.9) | <0.01 |
Sputum | 80 (25.4) | 62 (24.4) | 18 (29.5) | 0.41 |
Haemoptysis | 4 (1.3) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Rhinorrhea | 11 (3.5) | 10 (3.9) | 1 (1.6) | 0.70 |
Throat pain | 16 (5.1) | 16 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 0.05 |
Chest pain | 31 (9.8) | 27 (10.6) | 4 (6.6) | 0.47 |
Wheeze | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Myalgia | 10 (3.2) | 9 (3.5) | 1 (1.6) | 0.69 |
Lethargy | 43 (13.7) | 28 (11.0) | 15 (24.6) | 0.01 |
Fall | 20 (6.3) | 17 (6.7) | 3 (4.9) | 0.78 |
Nausea or vomiting | 178 (56.5) | 150 (59.1) | 28 (45.9) | 0.08 |
Pneumonia complications | ||||
Acute myocardial injury | 22 (7.0) | 12 (4.7) | 10 (6.4) | 0.004 |
Acute kidney injury | 73 (23.2) | 43 (16.9) | 30 (9.1) | <0.001 |
Delirium | 26 (8.3) | 11 (4.3) | 15 (24.6) | <0.001 |
Critical care admission | 12 (3.8) | 11 (4.3) | 1 (1.6) | 0.34 |
Laboratory indices | ||||
Serum C reactive protein (mg/L) | 68.9+78.5 | 59.3+69.7 | 109.0+98.6 | <0.001 |
Serum procalcitonin (μg/L) | 3.2+13.5 | 1.4+5.9 | 11.3+27.8 | <0.001 |
White cell count (x10∧9 cells/L) | 12.8+14.5 | 11.3+4.9 | 18.9+30.7 | 0.0002 |
Microbial aetiology | ||||
SARS-CoV-2 | 18 (5.7) | 18 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 11 (3.5) | 11 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Variable | All patients n=315 | Survivors n=254 | Non-survivors n=61 |
Pneumonia Severity Scores | |||
CURB-65 score | |||
0 | 62 (19.7) | 61 (24.0) | 1 (1.6) |
1 | 99 (31.4) | 90 (35.4) | 9 (14.8) |
2 | 103 (32.7) | 73 (28.7) | 30 (49.2) |
3 | 40 (12.7) | 27 (10.6) | 13 (21.3) |
4 | 9 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | 6 (9.8) |
5 | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.3) |
Pneumonia Severity Index | 101.4+40.2 | 92.7+36.1 | 137.5+36.3 |
Pneumonia Severity Index Class | |||
I | 34 (10.8) | 34 (13.4) | 0 (0) |
II | 36 (11.4) | 36 (14.2) | 0 (0) |
III | 54 (17.1) | 48 (18.9) | 6 (9.8) |
IV | 115 (36.5) | 96 (37.8) | 19 (31.1) |
V | 76 (24.1) | 40 (15.7) | 36 (59.0) |
CAPE Mortality Risk Score | 49.6+29.1 | 44.0+27.8 | 72.8+22.4 |
Outcomes | |||
Received antibiotics within 24 hours of presentation | 288 (91.4) | 227 (89.4) | 61 (100) |
Corticosteroids (oral or intravenous) | 34 (10.8%) | 30 (11.8) | 4 (6.6) |
Hospitalisation days‡ | 8.9+9.1 5.5(3,12) | 9.5+0.6 6(3,13) | 6.8+0.8 4(2,10) |
Data are presented as number (%), mean±SD, median (IQR).
*Data missing for 102 subjects.
†Data missing for 85 subjects.
‡Data missing for 1one subject.
BMI, body mass index; CAPE, community-acquired pneumonia artificial intelligence predictive engine.