For escalation to IMV (n=56) | CPAP ceiling of care* (n=32) | Whole cohort (n=88) | |
Age (median, IQR) | 60 (53–65) | 76 (64–82) | 63 (56–74) |
Age (years) | |||
<50 | 10 (18%) | 1 (3%) | 11 (13%) |
50–59 | 16 (29%) | 3 (9%) | 19 (22%) |
60–69 | 22 (39%) | 9 (28%) | 31 (35%) |
70–79 | 8 (14%) | 8 (25%) | 16 (18%) |
≥80 | 0 (0)%) | 11 (34%) | 11 (13%) |
Male | 39 (70%) | 19 (60%) | 58 (66%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31 (28–33) | 32 (28–36) | 31 (28–34) |
Pre-hospital symptom duration | 9 (7–10) | 7 (6–10) | 8 (7–10) |
Diabetes | 17 (30%) | 15 (47%) | 32 (36%) |
Hypertension | 24 (43%) | 26 (82%) | 50 (57%) |
Asthma | 5 (9%) | 4 (13%) | 9 (10%) |
COPD | 2 (4%) | 4 (13%) | 6 (7%) |
Other cardiac condition | 8 (14%) | 13 (47%) | 21 (24%) |
OSA | 4 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (6%) |
Other comorbid illness | 26 (46%) | 22 (69%) | 48 (55%) |
Smoked | |||
Never | 38 (68%) | 18 (56%) | 56 (64%) |
Ever | 14 (25%) | 13 (41%) | 27 (30%) |
Current | 4 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 5 (6%) |
Clinical frailty scale22 | 1 (1–2) | 4 (3–5) | 2 (1–3) |
Mortality 4C Score23 | 19% (12%–27%) | 41% (24%–52%) | 23% (14%–40%) |
Exercise tolerance (m)† | |||
>1500 | 37 (66%) | 2 (6%) | 39 (44%) |
>1000 | 13 (23%) | 4 (13%) | 17 (19%) |
>500 | 4 (7%) | 9 (28%) | 13 (15%) |
>100 | 1 (2%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (3%) |
>50 | 1 (2%) | 5 (15%) | 6 (7%) |
<50 | 0 (0%) | 10 (31%) | 10 (11%) |
*CPAP as ceiling care. The patient was not deemed clinically appropriate for mechanical ventilation.
†Self-reported.
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea.