Estimate | 95% CI | P value | % variance | |
Sex, male* | −0.066 | −0.07 to −0.06 | <0.001 | 36 |
COPD severity† | 18 | |||
Moderate | −0.035 | −0.04 to −0.03 | <0.001 | |
Severe | −0.064 | −0.07 to −0.05 | <0.001 | |
Very severe | −0.031 | −0.06 to 0.002 | 0.075 | |
LAMA, yes‡ | −0.037 | −0.04 to −0.03 | <0.001 | 12 |
Age (years) | 0.0017 | 0.001 to 0.002 | <0.001 | 10 |
COPD exacerbations in the past year§ | 9 | |||
1 | −0.038 | −0.05 to −0.03 | <0.001 | |
2 | −0.051 | −0.07 to −0.03 | <0.001 | |
>2 | −0.078 | −0.10 to −0.05 | <0.001 | |
LABA, yes‡ | −0.028 | −0.03 to −0.02 | <0.001 | 4 |
Smoking¶ | 4 | |||
Active smoker | −0.016 | −0.02 to −0.01 | <0.001 | |
Diabetes, yes‡ | −0.024 | −0.03 to −0.02 | <0.001 | 2 |
*Reference group: Female.
†Reference group: Mild.
‡Reference group: No.
§Reference group: 0 exacerbations.
¶Reference group: Former smoker.
CI, Confidence Interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LABA, long-acting beta agonist; LAMA, long-acting antimuscarinic.