Total | Asthma | COPD | Smoking | |||||||||
Yes | No | P value | Yes | No | P value | Yes—current (in past 30 days) | Yes—past | Never | Unknown | P value | ||
N=1391 | n=182 | n=1209 | n=143 | n=1248 | n=102 | n=404 | n=777 | n=108 | ||||
White blood cell count (×1000) | 6.78 (5.11 to 9.23) | 6.96 (4.95 to 9.04) | 6.76 (5.13 to 9.23) | 0.94 | 6.34 (4.84 to 8.38) | 6.82 (5.15 to 9.24) | 0.057 | 6.81 (5.21 to 9.05) | 6.80 (5.11 to 9.14) | 6.71 (5.07 to 9.25) | 7.27 (5.31 to 9.32) | 0.74 |
Absolute lymphocyte count (K/μL) | 0.98 (0.67 to 1.41) | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.54) | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.39) | 0.022 | 0.82 (0.53 to 1.32) | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.42) | 0.001 | 1.10 (0.75 to 1.87) | 0.89 (0.60 to 1.28) | 1.03 (0.72 to 1.42) | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.29) | <0.001 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 (12.0 to 14.5) | 13.3 (12.1 to 14.6) | 13.3 (12.0 to 14.5) | 0.92 | 12.6 (10.8 to 13.9) | 13.4 (12.1 to 14.6) | <0.001 | 12.9 (11.5 to 14.3) | 13.2 (11.5 to 14.7) | 13.3 (12.1 to 14.4) | 14.0 (12.6 to 15.1) | 0.002 |
Platelets (K/μL) | 203 (156 to 264) | 201 (156 to 257) | 203 (156 to 264) | 0.81 | 189 (153 to 236) | 207 (157 to 265) | 0.034 | 208 (154 to 268) | 193 (148 to 265) | 207 (159 to 264) | 199 (162 to 260) | 0.18 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2 to 2.1) | 0.080 | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.7) | 1.5 (1.2 to 2.1) | 0.007 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.7) | 1.5 (1.2 to 2.0) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.2) | 0.37 |
Anion gap (mmol/L) | 15 (14 to 17) | 15 (14 to 16) | 15 (14 to 17) | 0.039 | 15 (13 to 17) | 15 (14 to 17) | 0.002 | 14 (13 to 17) | 15 (14 to 17) | 15 (14 to 17) | 16 (14 to 18) | 0.008 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 14 (10 to 22) | 12 (9 to 17) | 15 (10 to 23) | <0.001 | 21 (16 to 33) | 14 (9 to 21) | <0.001 | 15 (11 to 22) | 19 (13 to 30) | 12 (9 to 19) | 13 (9 to 20) | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.95 (0.78 to 1.28) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.05) | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.30) | <0.001 | 1.13 (0.90 to 1.65) | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.22) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.28) | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.56) | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.13) | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.25) | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 124 (106 to 161) | 118 (103 to 165) | 125 (106 to 161) | 0.23 | 117 (103 to 149) | 126 (106 to 162) | 0.013 | 115 (99 to 145) | 127 (107 to 163) | 124 (106 to 159) | 129 (109 to 191) | 0.021 |
Haemoglobin A1C (%) | 6.5 (6.0 to 8.4) | 6.8 (5.8 to 8.4) | 6.5 (6.0 to 8.4) | 0.71 | 6.9 (6.2 to 9.0) | 6.5 (6.0 to 8.4) | 0.42 | 6.8 (6.0 to 8.4) | 6.5 (6.0 to 8.4) | 6.5 (6.0 to 8.3) | 6.8 (5.9 to 9.9) | 0.96 |
LDH (U/L) | 314 (242 to 419) | 305 (231 to 393) | 315 (243 to 422) | 0.24 | 288 (214 to 370) | 318 (245 to 427) | <0.001 | 262 (212 to 361) | 312 (240 to 399) | 315 (244 to 423) | 381 (284 to 520) | <0.001 |
Ferritin (μg/L) | 512 (242 to 1027) | 408 (189 to 719) | 546 (256 to 1058) | <0.001 | 296 (150 to 793) | 540 (260 to 1048) | <0.001 | 330 (110 to 1047) | 552 (237 to 1075) | 496 (257 to 967) | 682 (395 to 1205) | 0.002 |
CRP (mg/L) | 72.6 (30.8 to 143.4) | 63.0 (28.1 to 125.0) | 73.8 (32.4 to 144.3) | 0.025 | 56.4 (20.8 to 113.7) | 74.1 (32.5 to 145.3) | 0.003 | 42.5 (9.3 to 117.5) | 71.8 (32.5 to 140.1) | 74.5 (33.2 to 143.4) | 105.9 (36.6 to 155.6) | <0.001 |
ESR (mm/hour) | 39 (23 to 60) | 36 (21 to 54) | 39 (23 to 61) | 0.086 | 37 (22 to 54) | 39 (23 to 60) | 0.67 | 31 (13 to 54) | 38 (25 to 59) | 39 (23 to 61) | 44 (28 to 61) | 0.010 |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.30) | 0.13 (0.07 to 0.20) | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.34) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.09 to 0.29) | 0.14 (0.09 to 0.30) | 0.46 | 0.11 (0.06 to 0.31) | 0.17 (0.10 to 0.35) | 0.13 (0.09 to 0.26) | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.36) | 0.001 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 26.6 (12.9 to 57.6) | 17.6 (6.9 to 42.2) | 28.6 (14.3 to 63.6) | 0.008 | 16.9 (14.5 to 44) | 28.6 (12.6 to 60.6) | 0.19 | 22.3 (11.6 to 77.2) | 27.1 (12.2 to 63.2) | 25.4 (13.3 to 54.8) | 35.4 (17.3 to 139.25) | 0.59 |
Troponin (ng/L) | 11 (0 to 31) | 8 (0 to 17) | 12 (0 to 33) | <0.001 | 27 (16 to 56) | 10 (0 to 25) | <0.001 | 12 (0 to 36) | 22 (10 to 44) | 8 (0 to 20) | 10 (0 to 24) | <0.001 |
D-dimer (ng/mL) | 1020 (658 to 1854) | 874 (592 to 1440) | 1059 (678 to 1917) | 0.005 | 1400 (812 to 2334) | 987 (643 to 1770) | <0.001 | 868 (473 to 1514) | 1172 (709 to 1925) | 981 (627 to 1767) | 1224 (773 to 2209) | 0.008 |
NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 259 (68 to 1190) | 191 (38 to 880) | 267 (70 to 1233) | 0.37 | 598 (230 to 2349) | 203 (57 to 1005) | <0.001 | 350 (112 to 1745) | 503 (142 to 2469) | 143 (47 to 562) | 207 (69 to 1766) | <0.001 |
Median and IQR are reported. P values reflect between-group or among-group comparisons using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (for asthma and COPD) or the Kruskal-Wallis test (for smoking).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IL-6, interleukin-6.