Demographic and clinical characteristics by WHO Clinical Progression Score
| Total | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | P value | |
| N=1391 | n=362 | n=553 | n=17 | n=11 | n=96 | n=180 | n=172 | ||
| Age (years) | 59.0 (18.7) | 52.8 (20.3) | 59.0 (18.0) | 62.3 (17.2) | 50.2 (17.8) | 57.7 (16.9) | 56.9 (13.2) | 75.5 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.0015 | ||||||||
| Male | 795 (100%) | 196 (25%) | 297 (37%) | 11 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 53 (7%) | 116 (15%) | 115 (14%) | |
| Female | 596 (100%) | 166 (28%) | 256 (43%) | 6 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 43 (7%) | 64 (11%) | 57 (10%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.0458 | ||||||||
| White | 550 (100%) | 137 (25%) | 220 (40%) | 5 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 30 (5%) | 49 (9%) | 106 (19%) | |
| Black/African American | 149 (100%) | 52 (35%) | 48 (32%) | 3 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 9 (6%) | 18 (12%) | 16 (11%) | |
| Hispanic | 492 (100%) | 132 (27%) | 205 (42%) | 9 (2%) | 5 (1%) | 37 (8%) | 79 (16%) | 25 (5%) | |
| Other | 84 (100%) | 23 (27%) | 30 (36%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (12%) | 13 (15%) | 8 (10%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 (7.0) | 28.6 (6.2) | 30.7 (6.9) | 28.7 (5.3) | 26.9 (7.0) | 30.4 (6.8) | 32.3 (7.2) | 29.5 (8.0) | 0.0003 |
| BMI category (kg/m2) | 0.0594 | ||||||||
| <25 | 274 (100%) | 90 (33%) | 94 (34%) | 4 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 17 (6%) | 22 (8%) | 44 (16%) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 411 (100%) | 118 (29%) | 171 (42%) | 5 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 27 (7%) | 40 (10%) | 46 (11%) | |
| 30.0–34.9 | 302 (100%) | 67 (22%) | 126 (42%) | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 24 (8%) | 49 (16%) | 33 (11%) | |
| 35.0–39.9 | 147 (100%) | 30 (20%) | 71 (48%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (5%) | 24 (16%) | 12 (8%) | |
| >40 | 114 (100%) | 20 (18%) | 51 (45%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 9 (8%) | 20 (18%) | 13 (11%) | |
| Smoking history | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Never | 777 (100%) | 226 (29%) | 315 (41%) | 9 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 54 (7%) | 103 (13%) | 64 (8%) | |
| Yes—past | 404 (100%) | 73 (18%) | 166 (41%) | 8 (2%) | 2 (0%) | 25 (6%) | 48 (12%) | 82 (20%) | |
| Yes—current | 102 (100%) | 44 (43%) | 34 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2%) | 6 (6%) | 7 (7%) | 9 (9%) | |
| Unknown | 108 (100%) | 19 (18%) | 38 (35%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 11 (10%) | 22 (20%) | 17 (16%) | |
| Asthma | 0.0329 | ||||||||
| No | 1209 (100%) | 314 (26%) | 462 (38%) | 15 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 89 (7%) | 162 (13%) | 158 (13%) | |
| Yes | 182 (100%) | 48 (26%) | 91 (50%) | 2 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 7 (4%) | 18 (10%) | 14 (8%) | |
| COPD | 0.0006 | ||||||||
| No | 1248 (100%) | 346 (28%) | 477 (38%) | 17 (1%) | 10 (1%) | 90 (7%) | 173 (14%) | 135 (11%) | |
| Yes | 143 (100%) | 16 (11%) | 76 (53%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 6 (4%) | 7 (5%) | 37 (26%) | |
| Bronchodilator use | 0.2180 | ||||||||
| No | 1169 (100%) | 312 (27%) | 459 (39%) | 14 (1%) | 6 (1%) | 82 (7%) | 165 (14%) | 131 (11%) | |
| Yes | 222 (100%) | 50 (23%) | 94 (42%) | 3 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 14 (6%) | 15 (7%) | 41 (18%) | |
| Inhaled corticosteroid use | 0.7889 | ||||||||
| No | 1239 (100%) | 327 (26%) | 485 (39%) | 17 (1%) | 10 (1%) | 84 (7%) | 165 (13%) | 151 (12%) | |
| Yes | 152 (100%) | 35 (23%) | 68 (45%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 12 (8%) | 15 (10%) | 21 (14%) | |
| Montelukast use | 0.6712 | ||||||||
| No | 1372 (100%) | 356 (26%) | 545 (40%) | 17 (1%) | 11 (1%) | 96 (7%) | 179 (13%) | 168 (12%) | |
| Yes | 19 (100%) | 6 (32%) | 8 (42%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 4 (21%) | |
| Any cardiac/metabolic disorder | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 334 (100%) | 132 (40%) | 127 (38%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (2%) | 20 (6%) | 38 (11%) | 11 (3%) | |
| Yes | 1057 (100%) | 230 (22%) | 426 (40%) | 17 (2%) | 5 (0%) | 76 (7%) | 142 (13%) | 161 (15%) | |
| Coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction | 0.0008 | ||||||||
| No | 1180 (100%) | 322 (27%) | 463 (39%) | 15 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 87 (7%) | 166 (14%) | 118 (10%) | |
| Yes | 211 (100%) | 40 (19%) | 90 (43%) | 2 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 9 (4%) | 14 (7%) | 54 (26%) | |
| Heart failure | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 1227 (100%) | 333 (27%) | 491 (40%) | 11 (1%) | 11 (1%) | 86 (7%) | 170 (14%) | 125 (10%) | |
| Yes | 164 (100%) | 29 (18%) | 62 (38%) | 6 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (6%) | 10 (6%) | 47 (29%) | |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 694 (100%) | 231 (33%) | 262 (38%) | 6 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 48 (7%) | 92 (13%) | 48 (7%) | |
| Yes | 697 (100%) | 131 (19%) | 291 (42%) | 11 (2%) | 4 (1%) | 48 (7%) | 88 (13%) | 124 (18%) | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 941 (100%) | 280 (30%) | 377 (40%) | 15 (2%) | 7 (1%) | 53 (6%) | 113 (12%) | 96 (10%) | |
| Yes | 450 (100%) | 82 (18%) | 176 (39%) | 2 (0%) | 4 (1%) | 43 (10%) | 67 (15%) | 76 (17%) | |
| Kidney disease | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 1132 (100%) | 313 (28%) | 455 (40%) | 15 (1%) | 10 (1%) | 79 (7%) | 155 (14%) | 105 (9%) | |
| Yes | 233 (100%) | 47 (20%) | 89 (38%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (6%) | 23 (10%) | 57 (24%) |
Values indicate count (proportion) and mean (SD) as appropriate.
P values calculated using the Wald χ2 test in an ordered logistic regression model with a single predictor variable.
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.