Urine ultrafine particles and cadmium content in relation to clinical characteristics of study population
| Characteristic (n) | Ultrafine particles Concentrations (E8/mL) | P value | Cadmium level (ppm) | P value |
| Age, years | ||||
| <66 (29) | 3.4±2.1 | 0.15 | 19.1±3.6 | 0.15 |
| ≥66 (36) | 4.2±2.6 | 19.3±4.6 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| M (52) | 3.9±2.5 | 0.5 | 19.3±3.5 | 0.76 |
| F (13) | 3.4±1.84 | 18.9±6.3 | ||
| Prior transurethral carcinoma | ||||
| Yes (32) | 3.6±2.35 | 0.5 | 19.5±4.8 | 0.55 |
| No (33) | 4±2.5 | 18.9±3.5 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Past/active (22) | 4.6±2.1 | 0.05 | 20.6±4.1 | 0.05 |
| Non-smoker (43) | 3.4±2.5 | 18.5±4 | ||
| Occupational exposure*‡ | ||||
| Yes (7) | 5.4±3.2 | 0.07 | 21.8±3.1 | 0.08 |
| No (58) | 3.65±2.3 | 18.9±4.2 | ||
| Chronic lung disease† | ||||
| Yes (5) | 2.4±2.4 | 0.16 | 19.6±2.5 | 0.8 |
| No (60) | 3.9±1.5 | 19.2±4.3 | ||
| Culture | ||||
| Positive (10) | 2.8±1.7 | 0.13 | 18.3±3.5 | 0.46 |
| Negative (55) | 4±2.5 | 19.4±4.3 | ||
| Antibiotics | ||||
| Yes (5) | 3.1±2.1 | 0.47 | 17.6±3.3 | 0.38 |
| No (60) | 3.9±2.4 | 19.3±4.2 | ||
| Irrigations | ||||
| Yes (24) | 3.5±2.4 | 0.4 | 19.6±5.5 | 0.6 |
| No (41) | 4±2.43 | 19±3.2 | ||
| Cystoscopy findings | ||||
| Yes (16) | 3.8±1.8 | 0.98 | 18±6.1 | 0.19 |
| No (49) | 3.8±2.6 | 19.6±3.3 | ||
| Pathology | ||||
| Malignant (15) | 4.2±2.4 | 0.8 | 17.9±5.9 | 0.4 |
| Normal (5) | 4.5±2.2 | 20.3±4.2 | ||
*Occupational exposure to dye, asbestos, dust, fuel, sawdust, nitrogen acid, acetone, sand, glue, smoke, heavy metals welding, plastic and/or coal.
†Emphysema and/or bronchiectasis.
‡A minimum of 1 year of exposure was taken as positive.
F, female; M, male.