Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Eligible participants (n=50) |
| Age, years | 70.8±7.5 |
| Sex, male (%) | 28 (56) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1±4.6 |
| mMRC (total score) | 2 (1, 3) |
| CAT (total score) | 12.8±6.8 |
| GOLD stages (I, II, II, IV), n (%) | 5, 34, 7, 4 (10, 68, 14, 8) |
| GOLD group (A, B, C, D), n (%) | 10, 30, 0, 10 (20, 60, 0, 20) |
| FEV1, %predicted | 57.6±16.5 |
| FEV1/FVC% | 56.7±12.1 |
| Long-term oxygen therapy, n (%) | 12 (24) |
| Non-invasive ventilation, n (%) | 14 (28) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Cardiac disease | 8 (16) |
| Arrhythmia | 2 (4) |
| Heart failure | 1 (2) |
| Hypertension | 24 (48) |
| Diabetes | 3 (6) |
| Musculoskeletal | 29 (58) |
| OSAS | 15 (30) |
| Medication, n (%) | |
| SABA | 9 (18) |
| LABA | 7 (14) |
| SAMA | 8 (16) |
| LAMA | 3 (6) |
| LABA+LAMA | 15 (30) |
| LABA+ICS | 4 (8) |
| LABA+LAMA+ICS | 24 (48) |
| ICS | 8 (16) |
| Xanthines | 16 (32) |
Data are expressed as mean±SD, unless otherwise stated.
BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β2-agonists; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; mMRC, Modified Medical Research Council; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; SABA, short-acting β2-agonists; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonists.