Participant characteristics at first COVID-19 follow-up in the entire cohort and in patients with extensive frailty assessment
| Entire cohort (CFS) (n=288) | Extensive frailty assessment (n=103) | |
| Number (%), mean (SD) | ||
| Sex, men | 187 (65%) | 63 (61%) |
| Age, years | 65.1 (9) | 63 (8.7) |
| Ever smokers % | 109 (38%) | 40 (39%) |
| Smoked pack years* | 20 (10–31) | 20 (8–30) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.7 (5.2) | 27.7 (5.2) |
| Hospitalisation for COVID-19 | ||
| No hospitalisation | 83 (29%) | 28 (27%) |
| Hospitalisation ward | 78 (27%) | 28 (27%) |
| Hospitalisation ICU | 127 (44%) | 47 (46%) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Interstitial lung disease | 5 (1.7%) | 4 (4%) |
| COPD | 10 (3.5%) | 5 (5%) |
| Asthma | 29 (10%) | 11 (11%) |
| Diabetes | 40 (14%) | 13 (13%) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 8 (2.8%) | 5 (5%) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 4 (1.4%) | 3 (3%) |
| Arterial hypertension | 106 (37%) | 43 (42%) |
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 22 (7.6%) | 11 (11%) |
| Cancer | 23 (8%) | 12 (12%) |
| Functional tests | ||
| TLC, L | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.8 (1.5) |
| TLC, %-predicted | 89 (19) | 93 (19) |
| FVC, L | 3.5 (1) | 3.7 (1) |
| FVC, %-predicted | 90 (18) | 92 (18) |
| FEV1, L | 2.8 (0.75) | 2.9 (0.75) |
| FEV1, %-predicted | 92.8 (18) | 92.8 (16) |
| DLCO, %-predicted | 78 (21) | 84 (23) |
| PaO2, mm Hg | 79 (13) | 82 (14) |
| 6MWD, m | 484 (110) | 507 (104) |
| 6MWD, %-predicted | 79.1 (13) | 95.7 (17) |
| O2 nadir on 6MWT | 90.3 (5.1) | 91.7 (5.3) |
| Symptoms | ||
| mMRC | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.91 (0.9) |
| Cough VAS | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) |
| SGRQ total | 33.0 (20) | 34.4 (18) |
| SGRQ impact | 22.1 (20) | 21.7 (17) |
| SGRQ activity | 48.1 (26) | 49.8 (25) |
| SGRQ symptoms | 38.4 (24) | 39.4 (22) |
| Frailty | ||
| CFS pre-COVID-19 | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1.5–2) |
| CFS post-COVID-19 | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3.25) |
Data are presented as mean (SD), median (IQR) or frequency (percentage).
*Smoked pack years in ever smokers
CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced vital capacity in 1 min; FI, Frailty Index; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICU, intensive care unit; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council ; 6MWD, 6 min walk distance; 6MWT, 6 min walk test; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; SPPB, short physical performance battery; TLC, total lung capacity; VAS, visual analogue scale.