Unadjusted associations with vulnerability/frailty (CFS ≥4) post-COVID-19
| Unadjusted analysis* | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sex, men | 0.43 (0.16 to 1.18) | 0.10 |
| Age, years | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.06) | 0.83 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.21) | 0.05 |
| Ever smokers % | 1.34 (0.45 to 4.02) | 0.60 |
| Hospitalisation | 4.01 (0.98 to 16.3) | 0.05 |
| Follow-up time, months | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.08) | 0.39 |
| Diabetes | 2.53 (0.56 to 11.4) | 0.23 |
| Arterial hypertension | 1.11 (0.41 to 3.05) | 0.84 |
| FVC, %-predicted | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.98) | 0.002 |
| DLCO, %-predicted | 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99) | 0.005 |
| 6MWD, %-predicted | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96) | <0.001 |
| PaO2, mm Hg | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 0.046 |
| mMRC | 3.64 (2.20 to 6.03) | <0.001 |
| SGRQ, total | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.19) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue Severity Scale | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.29) | 0.08 |
For example, every 1% increase in FVC %-predicted is associated with a 4% lower odds and every one-point increase in mMRC is associated with 3.64 times the odds for vulnerability/frailty.
*Individual models accounting for multiple follow-up visits per patient (random effect)
6 min walk distance; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FVC, forced vital capacity; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.