Effect in SLH (n=108) (baseline/post/change): (1A) 6MWD-MID (≥30 m) achieved versus not achieved and (1B) SGRQ-MID total score (≤−4 units) achieved versus not achieved
| Table 1A | Table 1B | |||||||
| 6MWD | SGRQ | |||||||
| 6MWD-MID achieved (n=31) | 6MWD-MID not achieved (n=77) | Between- group difference (P value) | 95% CI for the difference | SGRQ-MID achieved (n=53) | SGRQ-MID not achieved (n=55) | Between- group difference (P value) | 95% CI for the difference | |
| Age, years | 68.4 (8.2) | 71.4 (8.4) | 0.09 | 69.6 (7.6) | 71.4 (9.1) | 0.12 | ||
| Sex, female, n (%) | 18 (58%) | 43 (56%) | 0.83 | 31 (60.8%) | 30 (52.6%) | 0.39 | ||
| BMI | ||||||||
| Baseline | 30.9 (6.2) | 27.3 (5.4) | 0.003 | 29.7 (6.2) | 27.1 (5.2) | 0.01 | ||
| Follow-up | 30.9 (6.2) | 27.3 (5.3) | 0.002 | 29.9 (6.2) | 26.9 (5.2) | 0.005 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 0.1 (0.8) | −0.04 (0.6) | 0.29 | (−0.4 to 0.3) | 0.2 (0.9) | −0.2 (1.1) | 0.051 | (−0.7 to 0.1) |
| 6MWT distance | ||||||||
| Baseline | 337.2 (119.9) | 407.4 (91.2) | 0.01 | 363.5 (115.8) | 410.2 (87.8) | 0.01 | ||
| Follow-up | 399.0 (108.7) | 406.7 (90.9) | 0.71 | 388.2 (104.6) | 420.1 (84.7) | 0.04 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 61.8 (41.9)*** | −0.8 (22.7) | <0.001 | (−78.7 to −46.5) | 24.8 (43.2)*** | 9.9 (37.4)* | 0.02 | (−32.0 to −1.1) |
| MID (≥30 metres) achieved, n (%) | 31 (28.7%) | 77 (71.3%) | <0.001 | 18 (35.3%) | 13 (22.8%) | 0.15 | ||
| SGRQ total score | ||||||||
| Baseline | 47.6 (17.53) | 42.9 (16.6) | 0.10 | 50.7 (16.1) | 38.1 (15.4) | <0.001 | ||
| Follow-up | 40.9 (15.0) | 39.9 (16.1) | 0.38 | 38.9 (14.3) | 41.5 (17.0) | 0.19 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | −6.7 (12.0)*** | −3.0 (9.0)*** | 0.07 | (−1.2 to 8.5) | −11.8 (7.5)*** | 3.4 (5.4)*** | <0.001 | (12.8 to 17.9) |
| MID (- four units) achieved, n (%) | 18 (58.1%) | 33 (42.9%) | 0.15 | 53 (47.2%) | 55 (50.9%) | <0.001 | ||
| FEV1, litres | ||||||||
| Baseline | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.36 | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.90 | ||
| Follow-up | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.16 | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.89 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 0.1 (0.2) | −0.0 (0.2) | 0.09 | (−1.5.-0.01) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (1.3) | 0.92 | (−0.1 to 0.1) |
| FVC, Litres | ||||||||
| Baseline | 2.5 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.9) | 0.66 | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 0.33 | ||
| Follow-up | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.9) | 0.90 | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.7) | 0.40 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.4) | 0.20 | (−0.3 to 0.1) | −0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.92 | (−0.1 to 0.1) |
| Single breath count test | ||||||||
| Baseline | 27.5 (10.2) | 26.9 (8.8) | 0.74 | 24.9 (7.5) | 29.0 (10.1) | 0.03 | ||
| Follow-up | 31.3 (10.1) | 28.9 (8.4) | 0.21 | 28.8 (8.5) | 30.5 (9.4) | 0.24 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 3.8 (7.2)** | 1.9 (5.3)*** | 0.09 | (−4.8 to 1.0) | 3.5 (5.8)*** | 1.4 (5.9)* | 0.03 | (−4.4 to −0.1) |
| Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP,≥17 cm H2O) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 55.8 (24.0) | 50.6 (19.3) | 0.24 | 48.1 (19.9) | 55.9 (23.9) | 0.03 | ||
| Follow-up | 62.5 (26.7) | 54.4 (19.2) | 0.08 | 55.7 (23.6) | 57.9 (20.1) | 0.29 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 6.7 (12.6)** | 3.1 (10.6)** | 0.08 | (−8.8 to 1.6) | 6.9 (12.9)*** | 1.47 (8.8) | 0.007 | (−9.6 to −1.1) |
| ≥10% improvement, n (%) | 15 (48.0%) | 30 (40.0%) | 0.43 | 25 (52.0%) | 18 (33.0%) | 0.053 | ||
| Pulse | ||||||||
| Baseline | 84.7 (13.6) | 85.1 (14.6) | 0.88 | 85.6 (15.1) | 84.4 (13.6) | 0.67 | ||
| Follow-up | 85.2 (13.4) | 84.9 (16.1) | 0.94 | 84.5 (13.4) | 85.5 (16.8) | 0.74 | ||
| Maximum heart rate during 6MWT | ||||||||
| Baseline | 111.2 (13.1) | 117.5 (18.4) | 0.09 | 115.8 (16.2) | 115.6 (18.2) | 0.94 | ||
| Follow-up | 116.2 (14.2) | 115.9 (17.4) | 0.95 | 116.5 (17.1) | 0.78 | |||
| Heart rate response (ΔHR) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 26.5 (13.9) | 32.4 (16.8) | 0.09 | 30.2 (18.4) | 31.1 (14.1) | 0.77 | ||
| Follow-up | 31.0 (13.8) | 31.0 (17.6) | 0.99 | 31.1 (16.1) | 30.9 (16.9) | 0.97 | ||
| Change (follow-up - baseline) | 4.5 (12.9)* | −1.2 (20.1) | 0.09 | (−12.4 to 0.9) | 0.8 (21.4) | 0.3 (15.5) | 0.89 | (−7.6 to 7.1) |
| Lowest oxygen saturation during 6MWD | ||||||||
| Baseline | 87.3 (6.5) | 88.9 (6.6) | 0.25 | 88.1 (6.2) | 87.4 (6.8) | 0.56 | ||
| Follow-up | 88.2 (7.4) | 87.7 (7.6) | 0.77 | 88.6 (7.7) | 87.2 (7.3) | 0.34 | ||
| Exercise-induced oxygen desaturation during 6MWT (SpO2≤88 %) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 11 (35%) | 36 (47%) | 0.29 | 20 (39%) | 27 (47%) | 0.39 | ||
| Follow-up | 11 (35%) | 31 (44%) | 0.41 | 18 (38%) | 24 (44%) | 0.53 | ||
| EID (0=No EID to 1=EID only at baseline to 2=EID only at follow-up to 3=EID at baseline) | ||||||||
| 0 | 15 (48%) | 30 (43%) | 0.56 | 22 (47%) | 23 (43%) | 0.73 | ||
| 1 | 5 (16%) | 9 (13%) | 7 (15%) | 7 (13%) | ||||
| 2 | 5 (16%) | 8 (11%) | 7 (15%) | 6 (11%) | ||||
| 3 | 6 (19%) | 23 (33%) | 11 (23%) | 18 (33%) | ||||
| Adherence, number of attended sessions | 14.8 (5.1) | 14.7 (5.8) | 0.92 | 14.02 (5.8) | 15.6 (85.3) | 0.22 | ||
| Adherence to the intervention, n (%) | ||||||||
| 0%–49% | 5 (16.1%) | 12 (15.6%) | 0.53 | 10 (19.6%) | 7 (12.3%) | 0.58 | ||
| 50%–74% | 7 (22.6%) | 11 (14.3%) | 8 (15.7%) | 10 (17.5%) | ||||
| 75%–100% | 19 (61.3%) | 54 (70.1%) | 33 (64.7%) | 40 (70.2%) | ||||
| Smoking status, yes, n (%) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 11 (35.5%) | 15 (19.5%) | 0.17 | 13 (25.5%) | 13 (22.8%) | 0.34 | ||
| Follow-up | 10 (32.3%) | 14 (18.2%) | 0.08 | 12 (23.5%) | 12 (21.1%) | 0.91 | ||
| Quit smoking during training, n (%) | 2 (6.5%) | 1 (1.3%) | 2 (3.9%) | 1 (1.8%) | ||||
Data are presented as mean±SD unless otherwise stated. 6MWD: (MID: ≥30 m); SGRQ total score: Item (MID ≤−4 units); FEV1: (MID:≥120 mL); single breath count (MID:≥10% change); MIP (MID≥17 cm H2O. Here, ≥10% improvement is reported). EID: (SpO2≤88%). Within-group significance is shown as: No star: p>0.05, *:p<0.05, **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001.
BMI, body mass index; EID, exercise-induced oxygen desaturation; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; MID, minimal important difference; MIP, maximum inspiratory pressure; 6MWD, 6-minute walking test distance ; 6MWT, 6-minute walking test; SGRQ, St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; SLH, singing for lung health.