Parameter | Never-COVID (n=9) | All COVID-19 participants | |||
Ever-COVID (n=76) | Ever hospitalised (n=23) | Never hospitalised (n=53) | Sig. p value | ||
Pulmonary function | |||||
FEV1* %pred | 101 (11) | 85 (20) | 77 (21) | 88 (19) | 0.005 |
FVC* %pred | 103 (10) | 88 (20) | 80 (18) | 92 (20) | 0.004 |
FEV1/FVC* | 0.81 (0.04) | 0.76 (0.11) | 0.75 (0.14) | 0.77 (0.09) | 0.3 |
LCI* n breaths | 9.0 (1.4) | 10.7 (3.9) | 11.8 (5.0) | 10.1 (3.0) | 0.2 |
LCIao* n breaths | 8.0 (1.3) | 9.5 (3.3) | 11.4 (4.9) | 8.6 (1.8) | 0.04 |
DLCO* %pred | – | 89 (29) | 75 (23) | 95 (29) | 0.009 |
Exercise capacity and QoL | |||||
6MWD* m | – | 454 (84) | 405 (86) | 471 (76) | 0.005 |
SpO2 post-exertion* % | – | 97 (3) | 95 (5) | 98 (2) | 0.03 |
SGRQ* | – | 35 (18) | 37 (15) | 34 (19) | 0.6 |
mMRC* | – | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.6 |
IPAQ* MET-minutes | – | 4709 (4895) | 3048 (3433) | 5327 (5238) | 0.1 |
MRI | |||||
VDP % | 1.1 (0.9) | 5.4 (7.1) | 7.8 (11.1) | 4.4 (4.2) | 0.03 |
CT* | |||||
TAC | – | 270 (110) | 294 (175) | 263 (88) | 0.5 |
WA mm2 | – | 66 (2) | 66 (2) | 66 (2) | 0.4 |
LA mm2 | – | 14 (3) | 15 (4) | 14 (3) | 0.5 |
WT mm | – | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.1) | 0.7 |
FEV1, FVC, LCIao, DLCO, 6MWD, SpO2 post-exertion and VDP significantly different between groups.
Values are reported as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.
p=significance value for analysis of variance between never-COVID, ever-hospitalised and never-hospitalised.
FEV1*, FVC*, FEV1/FVC*: Never-hospitalised n=52.
LCI*: Never-COVID n=5, Ever-COVID n=44, Ever-hospitalised n=16, Never-hospitalised n=28.
LCIao*: Never-COVID n=5, Ever-COVID n=32, Ever-hospitalised n=10, Never-hospitalised n=22.
DLCO*: Ever-COVID n=64, Ever-hospitalised n=20, Never-hospitalised n=44.
MWD* and mMRC*: Ever-COVID n=66, Ever-hospitalised n=17, Never-hospitalised n=49.
SpO2 post-exertion*: Ever-COVID n=65, Ever-hospitalised n=17, Never-hospitalised n=48.
SGRQ*: Ever-COVID n=64, Ever-hospitalised n=16, Never-hospitalised n=48.
IPAQ*: Ever-COVID n=59, Ever-hospitalised n=16, Never-hospitalised n=43.
CT*: Ever-COVID n=56 with 44 amenable to quantitative analysis, Ever-hospitalised n=9, Never-hospitalised n=35.
ao, airway opening; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LA, lumen area; LCI, lung clearance index; MET, metabolic equivalent; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea score; 6MWD, 6-minute walk distance; %pred, percent of predicted value; QoL, quality-of-life; SGRQ, St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; SpO2, pulse oximetry estimation of arterial blood oxygen saturation made on a fingertip; TAC, total airway count; VDP, ventilation defect percent; WA, wall area; WT, wall thickness.