Effect direction plot summarising direction of outcome domains of included studies
| Study | Study design | Symptoms (validated) | Symptoms (non-validated) | Objective measures | Healthcare utilisation |
| Hatzelis et al, 201237 | CS | ▲ | ▲ | ||
| Nacci et al39 2011 | O/U | ▲ | |||
| Pinho et al,42 1997 | CS | ▲ | |||
| Baxter et al, 201934 | O/U | ▼ | ◄► | ▲ | |
| Haines et al, 201635 | O/U | ▲ | |||
| Halevi-Katz, 201936 | O/U | ▲ | ◄► | ||
| Krammer et al, 201733 | O/C | ▲ | ▲ | ||
| Marcinow et al, 201518 | O/U | ▲ | |||
| Mathers-Schmidt & Brilla, 200522 | CS | ▲ | ◄► | ||
| Murry et al, 201038 | O/U | ◄► | ▲ | ▲ | |
| Olley et al, 201340 | O/U | ▲ | ▲ | ||
| Pargeter & Mansur, 201641 | O/U | ▲ | ▲ | ||
| Shin et al, 201843 | O/U | ◄► | |||
| Warnes et al, 200544 | CS | ▲ | ▲ |
Study design: O/U observational non-randomised uncontrolled before and after; O/C observational non-randomised controlled before and after; CS case study.
Effect direction: upward arrow ▲=positive impact; downward arrow ▼=negative impact; sideways arrow ◄►=no change/mixed effects/conflicting findings.
Sample size: final sample size (individuals) in intervention group. Large arrow ▲>300; medium arrow ▲ 50–300; small arrow ▲<50.
Study quality: denoted by row colour and JBI ratings assigned: green=low risk of bias; amber=some concerns; red=high risk of bias.