Variable | Total sample (n=532) | COPD group (n=374) | Asthma group (n=95) | ACO group (n=63) | ||||
Crude OR (95% CI)‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI)‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI)‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI)‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Sex (male vs female) | 1.66 (1.07 to 2.60) | 1.20 (0.47 to 3.03) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Educational level (primary vs secondary school and above | – | – | 0.62 (0.39 to 0.98) | 0.78 (0.44 to 1.38) | – | – | – | – |
Smoking status (smoker vs non-smoker) | 1.51 (1.01 to 2.26) | 0.92 (0.48 to 1.78) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Medication time (years) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.99) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.03) | 0.90 (0.83 to 0.97) | 0.93 (0.85 to 1.03) | – | – | – | – |
Disease diagnosis | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
COPD | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||||
Asthma | 1.80 (1.15 to 2.80) | 1.26 (0.70 to 2.28) | ||||||
ACO | 1.59 (0.87 to 2.88) | 1.99 (0.96 to 4.13) | ||||||
CAT score | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26)* |
ACT score | – | – | – | – | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.95) | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.95)** | – | – |
Medication (mono/dual combination therapy vs triple therapy)† | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.85) | 0.60 (0.35 to 0.86) ** | 0.59 (0.37 to 0.92) | 0.47 (0.27 to 0.80)** | – | – | – | – |
Inhalation device (single vs multiple) | – | – | 0.56 (0.33 to 0.95) | 0.94 (0.40 to 2.20) | – | – | – | – |
PIFR (optimal vs suboptimal§) | 1.55 (1.00 to 2.40) | 1.61 (1.04 to 2.51)* | 1.90 (1.12 to 3.23) | 1.93 (1.12 to 3.31)* | – | – | – | – |
*P value<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
†Triple therapy (ICS/LABA/LAMA) included open triple and fixed triple therapy. Monotherapy refers to LAMA. Dual therapy included ICS/LABA and LABA/LAMA.
‡Only patient covariates that were significant in bivariate analyses with the primary predictor of interest (p<0.05) were included in the final model.
§Suboptimal PIFR was defined as excessive and insufficient PIFR.
ACO, asthma-COPD overlap; ACT, asthma control test; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist; PIFR, peak inspiratory flow rate.