Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses in the training set
| Characteristics | Univariate analysis | P value | Multivariate analysis | P value | ||
| β | OR (95% CI) | β | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | Ref. | |||||
| Male | 0.285 | 1.329 (0.906 to 1.983) | 0.153 | |||
| Age (years) | −0.006 | 0.994 (0.985 to 1.004) | 0.233 | |||
| Race | ||||||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Black | 0.238 | 1.269 (0.544 to 2.603) | 0.546 | −0.029 | 0.971 (0.388 to 2.163) | 0.946 |
| Other race | 0.694 | 2.001 (1.365 to 2.922) | <0.001 | 0.554 | 1.740 (1.142 to 2.639) | 0.009 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Ref. | |||||
| Unmarried | 0.366 | 1.441 (0.987 to 2.137) | 0.063 | |||
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Heart rate (times/min) | 0.018 | 1.018 (1.007 to 1.03) | 0.002 | |||
| MBP (mm Hg) | 0.012 | 1.012 (0.994 to 1.03) | 0.203 | |||
| Breath rate (times/min) | 0.133 | 1.142 (1.082 to 1.206) | <0.001 | 0.099 | 1.104 (1.039 to 1.172) | 0.001 |
| Temperature (℃) | 1.056 | 2.876 (1.967 to 4.215) | <0.001 | 0.660 | 1.935 (1.291 to 2.938) | 0.002 |
| Severity score | ||||||
| GCS | ||||||
| ≥13 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 9–12 | 0.242 | 1.274 (0.761 to 2.05) | 0.337 | 0.205 | 1.228 (0.697 to 2.092) | 0.463 |
| <9 | 0.630 | 1.878 (1.003 to 3.316) | 0.038 | 0.831 | 2.296 (1.106 to 4.607) | 0.022 |
| SAPSII | 0.015 | 1.015 (1 to 1.03) | 0.045 | −0.021 | 0.979 (0.959 to 0.999) | 0.045 |
| SOFA | 0.112 | 1.118 (1.053 to 1.186) | <0.001 | |||
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| SpO2 | 0.104 | 1.110 (0.997 to 1.24) | 0.062 | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.005 | 1.005 (1.002 to 1.008) | 0.003 | |||
| Anion gap (mmol/L) | 0.017 | 1.017 (0.973 to 1.061) | 0.435 | |||
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | −0.044 | 0.957 (0.914 to 1.003) | 0.064 | |||
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 0.028 | 1.029 (0.997 to 1.06) | 0.071 | |||
| Haematocrit (μmol/L) | −0.026 | 0.974 (0.947 to 1.002) | 0.065 | |||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | −0.076 | 0.927 (0.855 to 1.006) | 0.069 | |||
| Platelet (K/μL) | −0.002 | 0.998 (0.995 to 1) | 0.070 | |||
| Potassium (K/μL) | 0.028 | 1.029 (0.813 to 1.274) | 0.804 | |||
| PTT (s) | −0.005 | 0.995 (0.98 to 1.006) | 0.430 | |||
| INR | 0.165 | 1.179 (0.998 to 1.391) | 0.041 | 0.174 | 1.190 (0.972 to 1.49) | 0.098 |
| PT (s) | 0.013 | 1.013 (0.994 to 1.028) | 0.126 | |||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | −0.011 | 0.989 (0.959 to 1.025) | 0.530 | |||
| BUN (mg/dL) | 0.006 | 1.006 (0.995 to 1.016) | 0.231 | |||
| WBC (K/μL) | 0.023 | 1.023 (1.004 to 1.044) | 0.021 | |||
| MCH (pg) | 0.012 | 1.012 (0.941 to 1.09) | 0.751 | |||
| MCHC (g/L) | −0.050 | 0.951 (0.846 to 1.073) | 0.410 | |||
| MCV(fL) | 0.006 | 1.006 (0.978 to 1.034) | 0.687 | |||
| RDW | 0.068 | 1.070 (0.981 to 1.16) | 0.113 | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.088 | 1.092 (0.956 to 1.222) | 0.150 | |||
| Treatment measures | ||||||
| Vasopressor | ||||||
| No | Ref. | |||||
| Yes | 0.600 | 1.822 (0.815 to 3.662) | 0.113 | |||
| Mechanical ventilation | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1.556 | 4.738 (3.22 to 6.951) | <0.001 | 1.115 | 3.050 (1.959 to 4.751) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotic | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1.520 | 4.570 (2.906 to 7.511) | <0.001 | 1.106 | 3.022 (1.833 to 5.162) | <0.001 |
| RRT | ||||||
| No | Ref. | |||||
| Yes | 0.828 | 2.29 (0.645 to 6.42) | 0.146 | |||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| AKI | ||||||
| No | Ref. | |||||
| Yes | 0.769 | 2.157 (1.321 to 3.724) | 0.003 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 0.979 | 2.661 (1.702 to 4.08) | <0.001 | 1.149 | 3.154 (1.815 to 5.427) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | ||||||
| No | Ref. | |||||
| Yes | 0.414 | 1.513 (0.93 to 2.382) | 0.083 | |||
| Renal disease | ||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 0.597 | 1.816 (1.111 to 2.873) | 0.013 | 0.674 | 1.963 (1.059 to 3.568) | 0.029 |
| Liver disease | ||||||
| No | Ref. | |||||
| Yes | 0.135 | 1.144 (0.563 to 2.12) | 0.688 | |||
AKI, acute kidney injury; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; INR, international normalised ratio; MBP, mean blood pressure; MCH, mean corpuscular haemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; PT, prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; RDW, red cell distribution width; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SAPSII, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; WBC, white blood cell.