ArticlesAngiotensin-converting-enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to physical training
Introduction
The circulating human renin-angiotensin system1 plays an important part in circulatory homoeostasis. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) degrades vasodilator kinins and generates vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, local renin-angiotensin systems exist in many tissues including human myocardium,2 adipose tissue,3 and skeletal muscle.4 An influence of such local systems on the metabolic responses of tissues4 might explain the beneficial effects of ACE-inhibitor treatment on myocardial function and survival after ischaemic events.5
A polymorphism of the human ACE gene has been identified in which the absence (deletion, D allele) rather than the presence (insertion, I allele) of a 287 bp fragment is associated with high ACE activity in tissues.6 To investigate the metabolic effects of local human renin-angiotensin systems, we studied the association between the ACE gene insertion or deletion polymorphism and changes in body composition and performance related to an intensive exercise-training programme.
Section snippets
Methods
The study group comprised consecutive white male recruits from a British Army training regiment. At entry, a 10 mL sterile 0·9% saline mouthwash sample was taken, from which DNA was extracted.7 ACE genotype was determined by use of three-primer PCR amplification8 by two independent staff members from whom data on participants were concealed. II genotype was confirmed by repeat PCR in the absence of primer for the I allele. All participants then underwent an identical 10-week programme of
Results
123 recruits were eligible to participate in the study, and all chose to take part. Their genotype distribution (29 [24%] men II, 70 [57%] ID, 24 [19%] DD) showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and was similar to that of other British Army recruits.8 42 did not complete training. 81 individuals remained in the study (20 [24·7%] II, 49 [60·5%] ID, 12 [14·8%] DD) whose physical characteristics (mean age 19·0 years [SD 2·0], height 176·6 cm [8·2], weight 69·3 kg [7·6], body-mass index 22·2 kg/m2
Discussion
We have shown that homozygosity for the I allele of the human ACE gene, a marker for low tissue ACE activity, is consistently associated with an anabolic response to exercise training. Our data should be interpreted with caution, however. The specific training regime may not be representative of other patterns of activity. Furthermore, only white men were studied. Nonetheless, these data are consistent with the association of the I allele with increasing body-mass index noted by Katsuya and
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