Background Mendelian randomization is used to test and estimate the magnitude of a
causal effect of a phenotype on an outcome by using genetic variants as instrumental …

Instrumental variable analysis is an approach for obtaining causal inferences on the effect of
an exposure (risk factor) on an outcome from observational data. It has gained in popularity …

Background The causal association between cigarette smoking and several diseases
remains equivocal. The purpose of this study was to appraise the causal role of smoking in a …

Abstract Background: The number of Mendelian randomization analyses including large
numbers of genetic variants is rapidly increasing. This is due to the proliferation of genome …

Developments in genome‐wide association studies and the increasing availability of
summary genetic association data have made application of Mendelian randomization …

Results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can be used to infer causal
relationships between phenotypes, using a strategy known as 2-sample Mendelian …

Genome‐wide association studies, which typically report regression coefficients
summarizing the associations of many genetic variants with various traits, are potentially a …

Although research has identified oral language, print knowledge, and phonological
sensitivity as important emergent literacy skills for the development of reading, few studies …

Relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading skills were
examined in a longitudinal correlational study of 216 children. Phonological processing …

Abstract Mendelian randomization-Egger (MR-Egger) is an analysis method for Mendelian
randomization using summarized genetic data. MR-Egger consists of three parts:(1) a test …