Systemic administration of IL-18 induces polyclonal IgE responses by causing NKT cells to
express CD40 ligand and to produce IL-4. Administration of IL-33 also induces IgE …

Immune and inflammatory systems are controlled by multiple cytokines, including
interleukins (ILs) and interferons. These cytokines exert their biological functions through …

Purpose: Therapies targeted to the immune checkpoint mediated by PD-1 and PD-L1 show
antitumor activity in a subset of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have …

Abstract IL-13 and IL-4 have similar biological activities and are characteristic of cytokines
expressed by Th2 cells. In contrast, IL-12 and IL-18 have been shown to be strong cofactors …

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)
are life-threatening hyperferritinemic systemic inflammatory disorders. Although profound …

The lungs are the richest in oxygen among the various organs of the body and are always
subject to harmful reactive oxygen species. Regulation of the reduction/oxidation (redox) …

Exosomes are nanovesicles derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in antigen-
presenting cells. The components of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for …

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are histopathologically classified into several types,
including usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and …

The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-18 was originally discovered as an interferon-γ-
inducing factor in 1995. IL-18 is known to play an important role in Th1/Tc1 polarization and …

Background Programmed cell death 1 receptor–ligand interaction is a major pathway often
hijacked by tumors to suppress immune control. The aim of this retrospective study was to …